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Bugao Xu

Title: Professor

Department: Merchandising and Digital Retailing

College: College of Merchandising, Hospitality and Tourism

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae Link

Education

  • PhD, University of Maryland, 1992
    Major: Textile & Consumer Economics
  • MS, University of Maryland, 1991
    Major: Textile & Consumer Economics
  • MS, Xian Polytechnic University, Xian, China, 1984
    Major: Textile Engineering

Current Scheduled Teaching

DRTL 2080.001Digital Platforms & Website Development in Digital RetailingSpring 2025
DRTL 4370.001Digital Retailing Analytics Tools and InsightsSpring 2025
MDSE 5370.001Digital Retailing Analytics Tools and InsightsSpring 2025
DRTL 4370.001Digital Retailing Analytics Tools and InsightsFall 2024 Syllabus
MDSE 5370.001Digital Retailing Analytics Tools and InsightsFall 2024

Previous Scheduled Teaching

CEXM 4440.001Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationSpring 2024 Syllabus SPOT
MDSE 5330.001Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationSpring 2024 SPOT
DRTL 4370.001Digital Retailing Analytics Tools and InsightsSpring 2024 Syllabus SPOT
MDSE 5370.001Digital Retailing Analytics Tools and InsightsSpring 2024 SPOT
DRTL 2090.001Introduction to Digital RetailFall 2023 Syllabus SPOT
RETL 4330.002Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationFall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
INFO 6950.770Doctoral DissertationSummer 10W 2022
MDSE 5330.001Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationSpring 2022 SPOT
RETL 4330.001Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationSpring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
RETL 4330.002Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationSpring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
INFO 6950.708Doctoral DissertationSpring 2022
RETL 4330.002Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationFall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
INFO 6950.710Doctoral DissertationFall 2021
INFO 6950.706Doctoral DissertationSpring 2021
MDSE 5920.008Problem in Lieu of ThesisSpring 2021
RETL 4330.001Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationFall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
RETL 4330.501Consumer Analytics and Data VisualizationFall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
INFO 6660.706Readings in Information ScienceFall 2020
CMHT 6900.001Special ProblemsFall 2020
MDSE 5920.013Problem in Lieu of ThesisSummer 10W 2020
CMHT 6900.001Special ProblemsFall 2019
DRTL 2080.002Digital Platforms & Website Development in Digital RetailingSpring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
CSCE 6940.701Individual ResearchFall 2018
DRTL 2080.002Digital Platforms & Website Development in Digital RetailingSpring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
DRTL 2080.002Digital Platforms & Website Development in Digital RetailingFall 2017 Syllabus SPOT
CSCE 6940.701Individual ResearchFall 2017
DRTL 2080.002Digital Authoring & Publishing ToolsSpring 2017 Syllabus SPOT

Published Intellectual Contributions

    Book Chapter

  • de Campos, R., Carvalho, M., Capelassi, C., Lopes, H., Xu, B. (2018). Anthropometric Data Collection of Portuguese Children with Overweight and Obesity. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 390-399. Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60597-5_37
  • Barboza, R., Carvalho, M., Ferreira, F., Xu, B. (2018). Main Characteristics and Anthropometrics of People with Down Syndrome – Impact in Garment Design. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 417-427. Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60597-5_40
  • Capelassi, C., Carvalho, M., Campos, R., Kattel, C., Xu, B. (2018). Segmentation of Anthropometric Data of the Brazilian’ Female Population. Advances in Ergonomics in Design. 1029-1036. Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60582-1_104
  • Xu, B. (2003). Neural-Fuzzy Systems for Color Classifications in Textiles. Soft Computing in Textile Sciences. 75-95. Physica-Verlag HD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1750-8_4
  • Conference Proceeding

  • Zhan, Z., Xu, B. (2023). Recommendation by Multiscale Semantic-Visual Analysis of User Reviews and Product Images. Springer.
  • Li, W., Xu, B. (2021). Aspect-Based Recommendation Model for Fashion Merchandising. 243-250. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer.
  • Wan, Y., Yao, L., Jiang, J., Xu, B. (2020). Edge Voxel Erosion for Noise Removal in 3D Point Clouds Collected by Kinect. Other. 59-63.
  • Liu, C., Xu, B., Zheng, X. (2019). Design requirements of mastectomy bra. Other. 172=182.
  • Wang, L., Xu, B., Gao, W. (2018). 3D measurement of yarn hairiness via multi-perspective images. Optical Engineering. Optics, Photonics, and Digital Technologies for Imaging Applications V. 10679 1067916.
  • de Campos, R., Carvalho, M.A., Xu, B. (2018). Anthropometric Data Collection of Portuguese Overweight and Obese Children Using a Kinect Body Image System: Preliminary Results. International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics. 75--85.
  • Liu, C., Zheng, X., Xu, B. (2018). Design Requirements of Mastectomy Bra for Formal Dress. International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics. 172--182.
  • Bezerra, G., Carvalho, M., Rocha, M., Xu, B. (2017). Anthropometry for children’s clothing: difficulties and limitations. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 254 (17) 172001.
  • Freeland-Graves, J., Lee, J., Xu, B. (2015). Thigh volume ratios assessed via stereovision body imaging as a predictor of visceral adiposity measured by magnetic resonance imaging. FASEB Journal. 29
  • Braganca, S., Carvalho, M., Xu, B., Arezes, P., Ashdown, S. (2014). A Validation Study of a Kinect Based Body Imaging (KBI) Device System Based on ISO 20685:2010. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 21-22 October 2014. Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo. http://dx.doi.org/10.15221/14.372
  • Freeland-Graves, J.H., Lee, J., Yao, M., Xu, B. (2013). Comparison of Visceral Adiposity and Obesity Parameters in Caucasian and Hispanic Adults. FASEB Journal. 27
  • Lee, J.J., Yao, M., Xu, B., Freeland-Graves, J.H. (2013). Impact of Central Obesity on Total and Regional Bone Mineral Density in Adults. FASEB Journal. 27
  • Freeland-Graves, J.H., Lee, J.J., Yao, M., Xu, B. (2012). Prediction Models for Assessment of Abdominal Adiposity. FASEB Journal. 26
  • Freeland-Graves, J.H., Zhu, Y., Lee, J., Pepper, M.R., Yao, M., Xu, B. (2011). Central Obesity Depth: A Promising Tool to Assess Abdominal Adiposity. FASEB Journal. 25
  • Xu, X., Yao, L., Wan, Y. (2010). A new shaped fiber classification algorithm based on SVM. Intelligent Systems and Applications (ISA), 2010 2nd International Workshop on. 1--5.
  • Pepper, M.R., Xu, B., Zhu, Y., Lee, J., Bean, A.E., Yao, M., Yu, W., Freeland-Graves, J.H. (2010). Central Obesity Depth By Stereovision Body Imaging Is Related to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements of Visceral Adiposity. Obesity. 18 S169-S169.
  • Freeland-Graves, J., Pepper, M.R., Lee, J., Zhu, Y., Bean, D., Yao, M., Xu, B. (2010). Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity by a Portable Stereo Vision Body Imaging System. FASEB Journal. 24
  • Chen, J., Li, J., Ma, L. (2010). Nonlinear filtering with multiple packet dropouts. Image Analysis and Signal Processing (IASP), 2010 International Conference on. 83--88.
  • Bel, P., Xu, B. (2010). Relevance of AFIS HVI and Micromat to white specks. Beltwide Cotton Conference. 1319--1327.
  • Hu, X., Du, X., Cui, S., Deng, Z., Xu, B. (2009). Body surface representation using adjustable template model. Industrial Mechatronics and Automation, 2009. ICIMA 2009. International Conference on. 442--447.
  • Freeland-Graves, J., Pepper, R., Xu, B., Yu, W. (2009). Evaluation of Laser Imaging for Assessment of Circumferences. FASEB Journal. 23
  • Freeland-Graves, J., Pepper, R., Xu, B., Yu, W. (2009). Evaluation of Laser Imaging for Assessment of Circumferences. FASEB Journal. 23
  • Pepper, R., Freeland-Graves, J., Xu, B., Yu, W. (2009). Validation of a Stereo Vision Body Imaging System for Assessment of Obesity. FASEB Journal. 23
  • Yan Wan, Li Yao, Bugao Xu. (2009). A dual threshold calculating method for fiber's edge extraction. 2009 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems. IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicisys.2009.5357680
  • Shi, M., Fu, R., Huang, S., Guo, Y., Xu, B. (2009). A Method of Fabric Defect Detection Using Local Contrast Deviation. 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing. IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2009.5305722
  • Tang, L., Zeng, P., Xu, B. (2009). Multi-Scale Shape Representation for Profiled Fibers. 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing. IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2009.5304338
  • Li, Q., Yao, M., Yao, X., Yu, W., Xu, B., Remondino, F., Shortis, M.R., El-Hakim, S.F. (2009). A real-time 3D scanning system for pavement rutting and pothole detections. Videometrics, Range Imaging, and Applications X. SPIE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.824559
  • Xinrong Hu, Xiaoqin Du, Shuqin Cui, Zhongmin Deng, Bugao Xu, Xinrong Hu. (2009). Body surface representation using adjustable template model. 2009 International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation. IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icima.2009.5156658
  • Freeland-Graves, J.H., Xu, B., Pepper, M.R., Dai, Z., Yu, W., Cahill, J.M. (2008). Three Dimensional (3D) Body Imaging for Assessment of Body Volume. FASEB Journal. 22
  • Yan Wan, Li Yao, Bugao Xu, Peifeng Zeng. (2008). A distance map based skeletonization algorithm and its application in fiber recognition. 2008 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing. IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalip.2008.4590255
  • Bel, P.D., Xu, B. (2006). white specks measured by the latest version of autorate and relationships to the AFISPRO fiber data. Beltwide Cotton Conference. 1952--1961.
  • Bel, P., Xu, B. (2005). Cotton quality: white speck neps from fiber to fabric. Beltwide Cotton Conference. 2446--2462.
  • Yu, W., Xu, B., Tescher, A.G. (2003). Surface reconstruction from stereo images using B-spline parameterization. Applications of Digital Image Processing XXVI. SPIE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.506270
  • Xu, B., Lin, S., Chen, T. (2000). 3D measurement of the human body for apparel mass customization. Videometrics and Optical Methods for 3D Shape Measurement. 4309 26--34.
  • Xu, B., Lin, S., Chen, T., El-Hakim, S.F., Gruen, A. (2000). 3D measurement of the human body for apparel mass customization. Videometrics and Optical Methods for 3D Shape Measurement. SPIE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.410883
  • Xu, B., Ting, Y., Watson, M. (1996). Cotton trash measurements using image analysis.. Beltwide Cotton Conferences.
  • Journal Article

  • Kim, H., Delhom, C.D., Jones, D.C., Xu, B. (2023). Comparative analyses of AFIS distributional parameters evaluating immature fiber contents within cotton materials. The Journal of Textile Institute. Online First
  • Zhou, J., Xu, B. (2023). Predicting Cotton Fiber Properties with Fiber Length Parameters Measured by Dual-beard Fibrograph. Cellulose. 30 (3) 2053-2065.
  • Zhan, Z., Xu, B. (2023). Analyzing Review Sentiments and Product Images by Parallel Deep Nets for Personalized Recommendation. Information Processing & Management. 60 (1) 103166.
  • Zhan, Z., Xu, B. (2022). Fabric Defect Classification Using Prototypical Network of Few-Shot Learning Algorithm. Computers in Industry. 138 (6) 103628.
  • Xu, B., Lyu, J., Cheng, L., Hua, Z. (2022). Numerical Simulation of Fiber Motion in the Condensing Zone of Lateral Compact Spinning with Pneumatic Groove. Autex Research Journal. 22 (1) 35-41.
  • Yin, W., Xu, B. (2022). Perceptual Evaluations of Plant-dyed and Industrial-dyed Cotton Fabrics Based on Kansei Engineering. AATCC Journal of Research. 9 (1) 23-24.
  • Ma, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, L., Xu, B., Pan, R., Gao, W. (2022). Three-dimensional Measurement of Yarn Evenness Using Mirrored Images. Measurement. 191 (3) 110834.
  • Yin, W., Xu, B. (2021). Effects of Online-Shopping Experience on Customer Loyalty in Apparel Business-to-Consumer Ecommerce. Textile Research Journal. 91 (23) 2882–2895.
  • Yao, L., Wan, Y., Na, H., Xu, B. (2021). Action Unit Classification for Facial Expression Recognition Using Active Learning and SVM. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 80 (7) 24287–24301.
  • Xu, B., Zhou, J., Wei, J. (2021). Customer Segmentation by Web Content Mining. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Sciences. 61 (7) Article 102588.
  • Lang, C., Zhang, M., Wang, T., Jin, J., Wang, F., Xu, B., Qiu, Y. (2021). Image-based Bilateral Beard Method for Measuring Weight-based Short Fiber Contents in Raw Cotton and Semi-finished Sliver. Textile Research Journal. 91 (19) 2184-2193.
  • Kim, H.J., Delhom, C.D., Liu, Y., Jones, D.C., Xu, B. (2021). Characterizations of a Distributional Parameter That Evaluates Contents of Immature Fibers within and among Cotton Samples. Cellulose. 28 (9) 9023-9038.
  • Xu, B., Sun, J., Lee, J., Freeland-Graves, J. (2021). Classifying Abdominal Fat Distribution Patterns by Using Body Measurement Data. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences. 126 (3) 1189-1202.
  • Lyu, J., Cheng, L., Xu, B. (2021). Modeling Additional Twists of Yarn Spun by Lateral Compact Spinning with Pneumatic Groove. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences. 127 (2) 737-751.
  • Zhou, J., Xu, B. (2021). Reliability of Cotton Length Distributions Measured by Dual-Beard Fibrography and Advanced Fiber Information System. Cellulose. 28 (3) 1753–1767.
  • Zhang, W., Zaarour, B., Zhu, L., Xu, B., Huang, C., Jin, X. (2020). A Comparative Study of Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Polyvinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene Fiber Webs: Mechanical, Crystallinity, and Piezoelectric Properties. Other. 15 (7) 1-8. Denton,
  • Lang, C., Wu, M., Pan, X., Jin, J., Wang, F., Xu, B., Qiu, Y. (2020). Algorithm for Measuring Fiber Length Distributions of Raw Cotton and Combed Wool Using Dual-beard Image Method. Textile Research Journal. 90 (19) 2149–2160.
  • Hou, J., Ouyang, W., Xu, B., Wang, R. (2020). Convolutional Neural Network for Point Clouds Extraction of Fibrous Web from Multi-focus Images. IEEE Access. 8 87857-87869. Redmond,
  • Zhou, J., Xu, B. (2020). Evaluating Cotton Length Uniformity through Comprehensive Length Attributes Measured by Dual-Beard Fibrography. Cellulose. 27 (13) 7861–7871.
  • Yao, M., Ouyang, W., Xu, B. (2020). Hybrid Cost Aggregation for Dense Stereo Matching. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 79 (31-32) 23189–23202. Redmond,
  • Name, F.L., Xu, B. (2020). Aspect-based Fashion Recommendation Model with Attention Mechanism. IEEE Access. 8 (8) 141814-141823. Denton,
  • Zhou, J., Wang, J., Wei, J., Xu, B. (2020). Extracting Fiber Length Distributions from Dual-Beard Fibrograph with the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. Textile Research Journal. 90 (1) 37-48.
  • Yao, M., Xu, B. (2019). A Dense Stereovision System for 3D Body Imaging. IEEE Access. 7 170907-170918.
  • Wang, B., Xu, B., Li, H. (2019). Fabrication and Properties of C/C-carbon Foam Composites. Textile Research Journal. 89 (21) 4452-4460.
  • Liu, Z., He, Q., Zou, F., Xu, B. (2019). Apparel Ease Distribution Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture. Textile Research Journal. 89 (20) 4323–4335.
  • Xu, H., Xu, B., Yan, J. (2019). Balancing Apparel Assembly Line through Adaptive Ant-colony Optimization. Textile Research Journal. 89 (18) 3677-3691.
  • Shi, M., Zhao, X., Qiao, D., Xu, B., Li, C. (2019). Conformal monogenic phase congruency model-based edge detection in color images. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 78 (8) 10701–10716. Springer US.
  • Chen, J., Li, X., Wang, M., Ma, L., Xu, B. (2019). Fast Compressive Tracking Combined with Kalman Filter. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 78 (16) 22463-22477.
  • Ouyang, W., Xu, B., Hou, J., Yuan, X. (2019). Fabric Defect Detection Using Activation Layer Embedded Convolutional Neural Network. IEEE Access. 7 70130-70140.
  • Su, J., Ke, Y., Kuang, C., Gu, B., Xu, B. (2019). Converting lower-body features from three-dimensional body images into rules for individualized pant patterns. Textile Research Journal. 89 (11) 2199-2208. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
  • Wang, B., Li, H., Xu, B., Zhang, Y. (2019). Synthesis of silica microspheres on silicon-modified carbon foams under ablation. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 34 (4) 385-389.
  • Yu, L., Wang, G., Zhi, C., Xu, B. (2019). 3D Web Reconstruction of Fibrous Filter Using Sequential Multi-focus Images. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences. 119 (2) 365-372.
  • Ouyang, W., Xu, B., Yuan, X. (2019). Color Segmentation in Multicolor Images Using Node-Growing Self-Organizing Map. Color Research & Application. 44 (2) 184-193.
  • Liu, C., Wei, D., Xu, B. (2019). 3D Scanning for Breast Volume Measurements. 25 (1) 47-51.
  • Wang, J., Xu, B., Li, Z., Gao, W., Wang, L. (2018). Depth recovery of hairy fibers for precise yarn hairiness measurement. Applied Optics. 57 (24) 7021--7029. Optical Society of America.
  • Fan, W., Tian, H., Wang, H., Zhang, T., Yang, X., Yu, Y., Meng, X., Yuan, L., Xu, B., Wang, S. (2018). Enhanced interfacial adhesion of aramid fiber III reinforced epoxy composites via low temperature plasma treatment. 72 (12) 147-156. OXFORD, ELSEVIER SCI LTD.
  • Fan, W., Yuan, L., D'Souza, N.A., Xu, B., Dang, W., Xue, L., Li, J., Tonoy, C., Sun, R. (2018). Enhanced mechanical and radar absorbing properties of carbon/glass fiber hybrid composites with unique 3D orthogonal structure. Other. 69 71--79. Elsevier.
  • Liu, C., Miao, F., Dong, X., Xu, B. (2018). Enhancing Pressure Comfort of Bra’s Under-band. Textile Research Journal. 88 (19) 2250-2257.
  • Zhou, J., Yu, L., Wang, R., Xu, B. (2018). Image Sharpness Enhancement for Textile Testing. 18 (2) 43-53.
  • Jin, J., Xu, B., Wang, F. (2018). Measurement of short fiber contents in raw cotton using dual-beard images. Textile Research Journal. 88 (1) 14-26.
  • Hou, J., Xu, B., Gao, H., Wang, R. (2018). Measuring Fiber Orientations in Nonwoven Web Images Through Bézier Fitting Contour. Textile Research Journal. 88 (18) 2120–2131.
  • Wang, L., Xu, B., Gao, W. (2018). Multi-perspective measurement of yarn hairiness using mirrored images. Textile Research Journal. 88 (6) 621--629. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
  • Wang, L., Xu, B., Gao, W. (2018). Three-dimensional measurement of yarn hairiness via multiperspective images. Optical Engineering. 57 (2) 025103. International Society for Optics and Photonics.
  • Chen, J., Guo, Q., Ma, L., Xu, B. (2018). Improved ICP Algorithm for Multi-View Point Cloud Splicing. 27 (1) 180-184.
  • Wang, Q., Xu, B. (2017). A coupled-contour model for effective segmentation of cotton cross-sections in wide-field microscopic images. Textile Research Journal. 87 (12) 1509-1521.
  • Zhang, J., Pan, R., Gao, W., Xu, B., Li, W. (2017). Automatic Detection of Layout of Color Yarns of Yarn-Dyed Fabric. Part 3: Double-System-Melange Color Fabrics. Color Research & Application. 42 (2) 250-260.
  • Mo, H., Xu, B., Ouyang, W., Wang, J. (2017). Color segmentation of multi-colored fabrics using self-organizing-map based clustering algorithm. Textile Research Journal. 87 (3) 369-380.
  • Liu, Z., Zou, F., Zhan, Q., Xu, B. (2017). Enhancing thermal-moisture comfort of a chest wader with lining for fishermen. Textile Research Journal. 87 (17) 2133-2145.
  • Chen, J.Y., Sun, L., Negulescu, I.I., Xu, B. (2017). Fabrication and evaluation of regenerated cellulose/nanoparticle fibers from lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy. 101 1-8.
  • Zhou, J., Wang, R., Wu, X., Xu, B. (2017). Fiber-Content Measurement of Wool-Cashmere Blends Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy. 71 (10) 2367-2376.
  • Zhu, X., Wu, X., Shi, X., Xu, B. (2017). Framework of personalized clothing visualization. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 29 (3) 417--426. Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Gu, B., Liu, G., Xu, B. (2017). Girth prediction of young female body using orthogonal silhouettes. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 108 (1) 140-146.
  • Salini, R., Xu, B., Carvalho, R. (2017). HYBRID HUMAN-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPROACH FOR PAVEMENT DISTRESS ASSESSMENT (PICUCHA). Civil Engineering Journal. 2 143-+.
  • Pan, R., Gao, W., Li, W., Xu, B. (2017). Image analysis for seam-puckering evaluation. Textile Research Journal. 87 (20) 2513-2523.
  • Gu, B., Liu, G., Xu, B. (2017). Individualizing women's suit patterns using body measurements from two-dimensional images. Textile Research Journal. 87 (6) 669-681.
  • Gu, B., Su, J., Liu, G., Xu, B. (2017). Individualizing Women’s Suit Patterns Using Body Measurements from 2D Images. Textile Research Journal. 87 (6) 669-681.
  • Wang, L., Ouyang, W., Gao, W., Xu, B. (2017). Instrumental evaluation of fabric abrasive wear using 3D surface images. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 108 (5) 846-851.
  • Sun, J., Xu, B., Lee, J., Freeland-Graves, J.H. (2017). Novel Body Shape Descriptors for Abdominal Adiposity Prediction Using Magnetic Resonance Images and Stereovision Body Images. Obesity. 25 (10) 1795-1801.
  • Wang, L., Gao, W., Xu, B. (2017). Objective fuzziness assessment of multi-colored fabrics using high-resolution 3D images. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 45 (5)
  • Salini, R., Xu, B., Paplauskas, P. (2017). PAVEMENT DISTRESS DETECTION WITH PICUCHA METHODOLOGY FOR AREA-SCAN CAMERAS AND DARK IMAGES. Civil Engineering Journal. 1
  • Gu, B., Lin, W., Su, J., Xu, B. (2017). Predicting distance ease distributions on crotch curves of customized female pants. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 29 (1) 47-59.
  • Hu, L., Wang, F., Xu, G., Xu, B. (2017). Unique microstructure of kapok fibers in longitudinal microscopic images. Textile Research Journal. 87 (18) 2255–2262. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516673334
  • Hu, L., Wang, F., Xu, G., Xu, B. (2017). Unique microstructure of kapok fibers in longitudinal microscopic images. Textile Research Journal. 87 (18) 2255-2262.
  • Braganca, S., Arezes, P., Carvalho, M., Ashdown, S.P., Xu, B., Castellucci, I. (2017). Validation study of a Kinect based body imaging system. Other. 57 (1) 9-21.
  • Bragança, S., Arezes, P., Carvalho, M., Ashdown, S.P., Xu, B., Castellucci, I. (2017). Validation study of a Kinect based body imaging system. Other. 57 (1) 9-21. IOS Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-172532
  • Wang, L., Ouyang, W., Gao, W., Xu, B. (2017). Instrumental evaluation of fabric abrasive wear using 3D surface images. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 108 (5) 846-851. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.1193993
  • Zhang, J., Pan, R., Gao, W., Xu, B., Li, W. (2017). Automatic detection of layout of color yarns of yarn-dyed fabric. Part 3: Double-system-Mélange color fabrics. Color Research & Application. 42 (2) 250-260. Wiley-Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.22068
  • Gu, B., Lin, W., Su, J., Xu, B. (2017). Predicting distance ease distributions on crotch curves of customized female pants. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 29 (1) 47-59. Emerald. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-11-2015-0122
  • Gu, B., Lin, W., Su, J., Xu, B. (2017). Predicting distance ease distributions on crotch curves of customized female pants. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. 29 (1) 47-59. Emerald. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-11-2015-0122
  • Mo, H., Xu, B., Ouyang, W., Wang, J. (2017). Color segmentation of multi-colored fabrics using self-organizing-map based clustering algorithm. Textile Research Journal. 87 (3) 369-380. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516631307
  • Gu, B., Liu, G., Xu, B. (2017). Girth prediction of young female body using orthogonal silhouettes. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 108 (1) 140-146. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.1160756
  • Zhang, J., Pan, R., Gao, W., Xu, B., Li, W. (2016). Automatic detection of layout of color yarns of yarn-dyed fabric. Part 2: Region segmentation of double-system-Mélange color fabric. Color Research & Application. 41 (6) 626-635. Wiley-Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.22003
  • Zhang, J., Pan, R., Gao, W., Xu, B., Li, W. (2016). Automatic detection of layout of color yarns of yarn-dyed fabric. Part 2: Region segmentation of double-system-M\'elange color fabric. Other. 41 (6) 626--635.
  • Salini, R., Xu, B., Souliman, M. (2016). IMPACT OF IMAGE RESOLUTION ON PAVEMENT DISTRESS DETECTION USING PICUCHA METHODOLOGY. Other. 3 (4) Czech Technical University in Prague - Central Library. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/cej.2016.04.0024
  • Salini, R., Xu, B., Souliman, M. (2016). IMPACT OF IMAGE RESOLUTION ON PAVEMENT DISTRESS DETECTION USING PICUCHA METHODOLOGY. Other. 4
  • Yang, Z., Wang, F., Xu, B. (2016). Key factors affecting binding tightness between two components of PTT/PET side-by-side filaments. Industria Textila. 67 (4) 226-232.
  • Yang, Z., Wang, F., Xu, B. (2016). Key Factors Affecting Binding Tightness between Two Components of PTT/PET Side-by-Side Filaments. Industria Textila. 67 (4) 226-232.
  • Yang, Z., Wang, F., Xu, B. (2016). Key factors affecting binding tightness between two components of PTT/PET side-by-side filaments/Factori cheie care influenteaza etanseitatea legaturii dintre doua componente ale filamentelor PTT/PET de tip side-by-side. Industria Textila. 67 (4) 226. The National Research \& Development Institute for Textiles and Leather-INCDTP.
  • Wang, R., Xu, B. (2016). Multi-focus image fusion for accurate measurement of nonwoven structures. Journal of industrial Textiles. 46 (3) 968-985.
  • Wang, R., Xu, B. (2016). Multi-focus image fusion for accurate measurement of nonwoven structures. Journal of industrial Textiles. 46 (3) 968--985. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
  • Wang, R., Xu, B. (2016). Multi-focus Image Fusion for Accurate Measurement of Nonwoven Structures. Journal of industrial Textiles. 46 (3) 320-327.
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  • Xu, B., Fang, C., Watson, M. (1999). Clustering analysis for cotton trash classification. Textile Research Journal. 69 (9) 656--662. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Su, J., Xu, B. (1999). Fabric wrinkle evaluation using laser triangulation and neural network classifier. Optical Engineering. 38 (10) 1688--1694. International Society for Optics and Photonics.
  • Su, J., Xu, B. (1999). Fabric Wrinkle Evaluation Using Laser Triangulation and Neural Network Classifier. Optical Engineering. 38 (10) 1688-1693.
  • Xu, B., Wang, S., Su, J. (1999). Fiber Image Analysis, Part III: Autonomous Separation of Fiber Cross Sections. The Journal of Textile Institute. 90 (3) 288-297.
  • Xu, B., Wang, S., Su, J. (1999). Fiber image analysis. Part III: A new segmentation algorithm for autonomous separation of fiber cross-sections. Other. 90 (3) 288--297. Textile Institute.
  • Xu, B., Fang, C., Huang, R., Watson, M. (1998). Cotton color measurements by an imaging colorimeter. Textile Research Journal. 68 (5) 351--358. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Xu, B., Fang, C., Huang, R., Watson, M.D. (1998). Cotton Color Measurements by an Imaging Colorimeter. The Adroit Journal. 68 (5) 351-358.
  • Xu, B., Cuminato, D., Keyes, N. (1998). Evaluating fabric smoothness appearance with a laser profilometer. Textile Research Journal. 68 (12) 900--906. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Xu, B., Cuminato, D.F., Huang, R., Keyes, N.M. (1998). Evaluation of Fabric Smoothness Appearance Using a Laser Profilometer. Textile Research Journal. 68 (12) 900-906.
  • Xu, B., Fang, C., Watson, M. (1998). Investigating new factors in cotton color grading. Textile Research Journal. 68 (11) 779--787. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Xu, B., Fang, C., Watson, M.D. (1998). Investigating New Factors in Cotton Color Grading. Textile Research Journal. 68 (11) 779-787.
  • Xu, B., Fang, C., Huang, R., Watson, M.D. (1997). Chromatic Image Analysis for Cotton Trash and Color Measurements. Textile Research Journal. 67 (12) 881-890. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706701204
  • Xu, B. (1997). Instrumental Evaluation of Fabric Pilling. Other. 88 (4) 488-500.
  • Xu, B. (1997). Quantifying surface roughness of carpets by fractal dimension. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 15 (3) 155--161. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Xu, B., Yu, L. (1997). Determining Fiber Orientation Distribution in Nonwovens with Hough Transform Techniques. Textile Research Journal. 67 (8) 563-571. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700803
  • Bugao Xu. (1997). Quantifying Surface Roughness of Carpets by Fractal Dimension. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 15 (3) 155-161. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x9701500304
  • Xu, B. (1996). An Overview of Applications of Image Analysis to Objective Evaluation of Fabric Appearance. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Review. 28 (5) 18-23.
  • Xu, B. (1996). An Overview of Applications of Image Analysis to Objectively Evaluate Fabric Appearance.. Other. 28 (5)
  • Xu, B., Ting, Y. (1996). Fiber Image Analysis, Part I: Fiber Image Enhancement. The Journal of Textile Institute. 87 (2) 274-283.
  • Xu, B., Ting, Y. (1996). Fiber Image Analysis, Part II: Measurement of General Properties of Fibers. The Journal of Textile Institute. 87 (2) 284-295.
  • Xu, B. (1996). Identifying fabric structures with fast Fourier transform techniques. Textile Research Journal. 66 (8) 496--506. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Xu, B., Reed, J.A. (1996). Instrumental Evaluation of Stain Release in Fabrics. The Journal of Textile Institute. 87 (1) 203-211.
  • Xu, B. (1996). Measurement of pore characteristics in nonwoven fabrics using image analysis. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 14 (1) 81--88. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Bugao Xu. (1996). Identifying Fabric Structures with Fast Fourier Transform Techniques. Textile Research Journal. 66 (8) 496-506. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759606600803
  • Bugao Xu. (1996). Measurement of Pore Characteristics in Nonwoven Fabrics Using Image Analysis. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 14 (1) 81-88. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x9601400110
  • Xu, B., Reed, J.A. (1995). Instrumental Evaluation of Fabric Wrinkle Recovery. The Journal of Textile Institute. 86 (1) 129-135.
  • Bugao Xu, Ting, Y. (1995). Measuring Structural Characteristics of Fiber Segments in Nonwoven Fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 65 (1) 41-48. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759506500106
  • Bugao Xu. (1994). Assessing Carpet Appearance Retention by Image Analysis. Textile Research Journal. 64 (12) 697-709. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759406401201
  • Xu, B. (1994). Assessing carpet appearance retention by image analysis. Textile Research Journal. 64 (12) 697--709. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Pourdeyhimi, B. (1994). Characterizing pore size in nonwoven fabrics: Shape considerations. Other. 6 (1) 26--30.
  • Xu, B., Xu, B., Wehrle, L. (1994). Evaluating Carpet Appearance Loss: Periodicity and Tuft Placement. Textile Research Journal. 64 (1) 21-32.
  • Pourdeyhimi, B., Xu, B. (1994). Evaluating Carpet Appearance Loss: Pile Lay Orientation. Textile Research Journal. 64 (3) 130-135.
  • Pourdeyhimi, B., Xu, B. (1994). Pore Characterization in Nonwoven Fabrics: Shape Consideration. Other. 6 26-30.
  • Xu, B., Pourdeyhimi, B. (1994). Evaluating Maturity of Cotton Fibers Using Image Analysis: Definition and Algorithm. Textile Research Journal. 64 (6) 330-335. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759406400604
  • Bugao xu, Pourdeyhimi, B. (1994). Evaluating Maturity of Cotton Fibers Using Image Analysis: Definition and Algorithm. Textile Research Journal. 64 (6) 330-335. SAGE Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759406400604
  • Pourdeyhimi, B., Sobus, J., Xu, B. (1993). Evaluating carpet appearance loss: surface intensity and roughness. Textile Research Journal. 63 (9) 523--535. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Pourdeyhimi, B., Sobus, J., Xu, B. (1993). Evaluating Carpet Appearance Loss: Surface Intensity and Roughness. Textile Research Journal. 63 (9) 523-535.
  • Xu, B., Pourdeyhimi, B., Sobus, J. (1993). Fiber cross-sectional shape analysis using image processing techniques. Textile Research Journal. 63 (12) 717--730. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Xu, B., Pourdeyhimi, B., Sobus, J. (1993). Fiber Cross-Sectional Shape Analysis Using Imaging Techniques. Textile Research Journal. 63 (12) 717-730.
  • Xu, B. (1993). Pore Size Characterization in Nonwoven Fabrics. Other. 5 20-27.
  • Xu, B., Pourdeyhimi, B., Sobus, J. (1992). Characterization of Fiber Crimp by Image Analysis: Definition, Algorithms and Techniques. Textile Research Journal. 62 (2) 73-80.
  • Xu, B., Pourdeyhimi, B., Sobus, J. (1992). Characterizing fiber crimp by image analysis: definitions, algorithms, and techniques. Textile Research Journal. 62 (2) 73--80. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
  • Sobus, J., Pourdeyhimi, B., Xu, B., Ulcay, Y. (1992). Evaluating loss of texture definition in carpets using mathematical morphology: Covariance. Textile Research Journal. 62 (1) 26--39. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
  • Sobus, J., Pourdeyhimi, B., Xu, B., Ulcay, Y. (1992). Evaluating Loss of Texture Definition in Carpets Using Mathematical Morphology: Covariance. Textile Research Journal. 62 (1) 26-39.
  • Bugao, X., others. (1987). Optium Design for a Four-Bar-Linkage Beating-up Motion [J]. Other. 2 006.
  • Other

  • Xu, B., Yu, W. (2014). Body surface imaging.
  • Xu, B., Yao, X., Yao, M. (2011). Multiple Camera System for Automated Surface Distress Measurement.
  • Xu, B., Huang, Y. (2010). Automated surface distress measurement system.
  • Xu, B., Yu, W. (2009). System, method and apparatus for fiber sample preparation for image analysis.
  • Technical Report

  • Xu, B. (2006). Linear Lighting System for Automated Pavement Distress Measurement.
  • Xu, B., Huang, Y.R. (2003). Development of an automatic pavement surface distress inspection system.

Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research

    Contract

  • Xu, B., "Support for Automated Visual Pavement Distress Measurement Systems for TxDOT," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, $269150 Funded. (2005 - 2007).
  • Xu, B., "Support for Automated Visual Pavement Distress Measurement Systems for TxDOT," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, Funded. (2005 - 2007).
  • Grant - Research

  • Xu, B. (Principal), "On-Loom Fabric Defect Inspection Using Contact Image Sensors," sponsored by Walmart Foundation, Private, $345198 Funded. (2016 - 2021).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "On-Loom Fabric Defect Detection by CIS and Machine Learning," sponsored by Milliken Co., Private, $60617 Funded. (2020 - 2021).
  • Kim, J. (Principal), Gam, H. (Co-Principal), Xu, B. (Co-Principal), Trippeer, B.C. (Co-Principal), "Rethinking Cotton Learning: Innovation Through Collaboration," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, $46072 Funded. (2020 - 2020).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Dual-beard Fibrography for Cotton Length Distribution Measurement (Phase 2)," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, $134346 Funded. (2017 - 2020).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Detection of Plastic Contaminants in Cotton Ginning Process Using NIR Optoelectronic Technology," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, $40000 Funded. (2019 - 2019).
  • Kim, J. (Principal), Kim, H. (Co-Principal), Yang, K. (Co-Principal), Hequet, E. (Co-Principal), Bruder, K. (Co-Principal), Xu, B. (Co-Principal), "Edu Cotton: Collaborative Learning Environment," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated (Importer Support Program of the Cotton Research and Promotion Program), Private, $38615 Funded. (2019 - 2019).
  • Kim, J., Xu, B., "Cotton Sustainability: Cotton on the Move," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, $24889 Funded. (2018 - 2018).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Feasibility Study That Examines the Potential for Using Laser-scattering as a Detection Mechanism," sponsored by USDA-ARS, Federal, $66154 Funded. (2018 - 2018).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Detection of Cotton Contaminants via Millimeter-Wave and Dual-Energy X-Ray Imaging," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, $57974 Funded. (2016 - 2016).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Enhancing Fiber Cross-section Measurements to Eliminate Bias in the Cotton Maturity," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, $168442 Funded. (2013 - 2015).
  • Xu, B. (Co-Principal), "Validation and Evaluation of a Portable Body Scanner for Determination of Obesity," sponsored by NIH, Federal, $715512 Funded. (2007 - 2011).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Improving Capabilities of Automated Distress Rating System," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, $296544 Funded. (2006 - 2008).
  • Xu, B., "Implementation of an Artificial Lighting System for Automated Visual Distress Rating System," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, $315000 Funded. (2005 - 2007).
  • Xu, B., Miller, M.J. (Co-Principal), "3D Imaging, Modeling and Analysis of Breast in Reconstructive Surgery," sponsored by Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, UT Austin, Other, $28500 Funded. (2006 - 2006).
  • Xu, B., "A Customized Microscopic System for High-Volume Measurement of Cotton Maturity," sponsored by USDA, National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, Federal, $97000 Funded. (2002 - 2006).
  • Xu, B., "Implementation of Automated Pavement Distress Rating System," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, Funded. (2003 - 2005).
  • Xu, B., "Artificial Light for Automated Pavement Distress Rating System," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, $185000 Funded. (2003 - 2005).
  • Xu, B., "Development of Imaging System for Measurement of Cotton Fineness and Maturity," sponsored by Texas Food and Fiber Commission, State, $104000 Funded. (1999 - 2005).
  • Xu, B., "Automated Pavement Surface Distress Rating System for Asphaltic Pavements," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, $620629 Funded. (1999 - 2003).
  • Xu, B., "Cotton Color and Trash Measurement System," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, $230031 Funded. (1995 - 1999).
  • Xu, B., "Characterization of Natural Fibers by Image Analysis," sponsored by USDA, National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program, Federal, $86474 Funded. (1995 - 1998).
  • Xu, B., "An Image Analysis System for Comprehensive Measurement of Natural Fibers," sponsored by National Science Foundation, Federal, $139850 Funded. (1995 - 1998).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "On-Loom Fabric Defect Inspection Using Contact Image Sensors," sponsored by Wal-mart Foundation, Inc., NFP, Funded. (2016 - 2021).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "On-Loom Fabric Defect Detection by CIS and Machine Learning," sponsored by Milliken & Company, IND, Funded. (2020 - 2021).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Dual-beard Fibrography for Cotton Length Distribution Measurement," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2020 - 2020).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Detection of plastic contaminants in cotton ginning process using NIR optoelectronic technology," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2019 - 2019).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "GN19-0104_Xu," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2019 - 2019).
  • Kim, J., Xu, B., "Cotton Sustainability: Cotton on the Move," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, Funded. (2018 - 2018).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Dual-beard Fibrography for Cotton Length Distribution Measurement," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2018 - 2018).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Feasibility Study That Examines the Potential for Using Laser-Scattering as a Detection Mechanism," sponsored by Agricultural Research Service, FED, Funded. (2018 - 2018).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Dual-beard Fibrography for Cotton Length Distribution Measurement," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2017 - 2017).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Enhancing Fiber Cross-section Measurements to Eliminate Bias in the Cotton Maturity," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, Private, Funded. (2013 - 2015).
  • Xu, B. (Co-Principal), "Validation and Evaluation of a Portable Body Scanner for Determination of Obesity," sponsored by NIH, Federal, Funded. (2007 - 2011).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Improving Capabilities of Automated Distress Rating System," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, Funded. (2006 - 2008).
  • Xu, B., "Implementation of an Artificial Lighting System for Automated Visual Distress Rating System," sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, Funded. (2005 - 2007).
  • Xu, B., Miller, M.J. (Co-Principal), "3D Imaging, Modeling and Analysis of Breast in Reconstructive Surgery," sponsored by Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, UT Austin, Other, Funded. (2006 - 2006).
  • Grant - Teaching

  • Xu, B. (Co-Principal), Gam, H. (Co-Principal), Kim, J. (Principal), "Rethinking Cotton Learning: Innovation Through Collaboration," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2020 - 2020).
  • Xu, B. (Co-Principal), Kim, H. (Co-Principal), Kim, J. (Principal), Yang, K. (Co-Principal), "EduCotton:Collaborative Learning Environment," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2019 - 2019).
  • Xu, B. (Co-Principal), Kim, J. (Principal), "Cotton on the Move," sponsored by Cotton Incorporated, NFP, Funded. (2018 - 2018).
  • Sponsored Research

  • Xu, B. (Principal), "Body Imaging and Modeling," sponsored by Allcustom Tech Co, International, $60000 Funded. (2014 - 2020).
  • Xu, B. (Principal), "A Portable Stereo Vision System for Whole Body Surface Imaging," sponsored by Office of Technology Commercialization, University of Texas at Austin, Other, $35000 Funded. (2009 - 2011).
,
Overall
Summative Rating
Challenge and
Engagement Index
Response Rate

out of 5

out of 7
%
of
students responded
  • Overall Summative Rating (median):
    This rating represents the combined responses of students to the four global summative items and is presented to provide an overall index of the class’s quality. Overall summative statements include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 5 = Excellent, 3 = Good, and 1= Very poor):
    • The course as a whole was
    • The course content was
    • The instructor’s contribution to the course was
    • The instructor’s effectiveness in teaching the subject matter was
  • Challenge and Engagement Index:
    This rating combines student responses to several SPOT items relating to how academically challenging students found the course to be and how engaged they were. Challenge and Engagement Index items include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 7 = Much higher, 4 = Average, and 1 = Much lower):
    • Do you expect your grade in this course to be
    • The intellectual challenge presented was
    • The amount of effort you put into this course was
    • The amount of effort to succeed in this course was
    • Your involvement in course (doing assignments, attending classes, etc.) was
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