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Jessica M. Craig

Title: Associate Professor

Department: Criminal Justice

College: College of Health and Public Service

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae Link

Education

  • PhD, University of Texas at Dallas, 2015
    Major: Criminology
    Dissertation: The Effects of Desire-For-Control, Self-Control, and Empathy on White Collar Crime
  • MS, University of Texas at Dallas, 2013
    Major: Criminolgy
    Dissertation: Investigating the Effects of Marriage, Military Enlistment, and Parenthood on Desistance among Juvenile Offenders across Race and Ethnicity
  • BS, Texas A&M University, 2011
    Major: Psychology and Sociology

Current Scheduled Teaching

CJUS 5750.001Criminal Justice StatisticsSpring 2025
CJUS 5850.400Directed StudiesSpring 2025
CJUS 5850.400Directed StudiesFall 2024
CJUS 4750.001Inside Out Prison Exchange ProgramFall 2024 Syllabus
CJUS 5800.001Topics in Criminal JusticeFall 2024 Syllabus

Previous Scheduled Teaching

CJUS 4700.900Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W1 2024 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4650.900VictimologySummer 5W1 2024 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4901.900Senior Seminar: Criminal Justice and Public PolicySpring 2024 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.601Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2023 SPOT
CJUS 5000.900Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2023 SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisSummer 5W1 2023
CJUS 5600.001Advanced Criminological TheorySpring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisSpring 2023
CJUS 4901.901Senior Seminar: Criminal Justice and Public PolicySpring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4900.001Special ProblemsSpring 2023
CJUS 5000.601Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.900Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4901.001Senior Seminar: Criminal Justice and Public PolicyFall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4900.001Special ProblemsFall 2022
CJUS 4700.900Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W2 2022 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4900.001Special ProblemsSummer 10W 2022
CJUS 5800.901Topics in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W2 2022 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5750.001Criminal Justice StatisticsSpring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisSpring 2022
CJUS 5000.001Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.601Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5700.001Evaluation and Research MethodologiesFall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5700.601Evaluation and Research MethodologiesFall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisFall 2021
CJUS 4700.900Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W2 2021 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4901.001Senior Seminar: Criminal Justice and Public PolicySpring 2021 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5900.001Special ProblemsSpring 2021 Syllabus
CJUS 5000.001Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.601Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.900Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5700.001Evaluation and Research MethodologiesFall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4700.900Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W2 2020 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5750.001Criminal Justice StatisticsSpring 2020 Syllabus
CJUS 4951.001Honors College Capstone ThesisSpring 2020
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisSpring 2020
CJUS 4901.001Senior Seminar: Criminal Justice and Public PolicySpring 2020 Syllabus
CJUS 5000.601Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.900Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.950Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5700.001Evaluation and Research MethodologiesFall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisFall 2019
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisSpring 2019
CJUS 4700.001Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSpring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5900.601Special ProblemsSpring 2019 SPOT
CJUS 5800.001Topics in Criminal JusticeSpring 2019 SPOT
CJUS 5000.900Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2018 SPOT
CJUS 5000.950Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2018 SPOT
CJUS 5700.001Evaluation and Research MethodologiesFall 2018 SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisFall 2018
CJUS 4700.002Research Methods in Criminal JusticeFall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 3700.900Ethical Issues in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W2 2018 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4700.900Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W2 2018 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5750.001Criminal Justice StatisticsSpring 2018 SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisSpring 2018
CJUS 4700.002Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSpring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5000.900Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2017 SPOT
CJUS 5000.950Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2017 SPOT
CJUS 5700.900Evaluation and Research MethodologiesFall 2017 SPOT
CJUS 5700.950Evaluation and Research MethodologiesFall 2017 SPOT
CJUS 5950.007Master's ThesisFall 2017
CJUS 4700.002Research Methods in Criminal JusticeFall 2017 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4860.001Studies in Criminal JusticeFall 2017
CJUS 4700.900Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W1 2017 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5750.001Criminal Justice StatisticsSpring 2017 SPOT
CJUS 5700.900Evaluation and Research MethodologiesSpring 2017 SPOT
CJUS 5000.900Criminal Justice PolicyFall 2016 SPOT
CJUS 3600.001Criminology. 3600. CriminologyFall 2016 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4700.002Research Methods in Criminal JusticeFall 2016 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 4700.900Research Methods in Criminal JusticeSummer 5W1 2016 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 5750.001Criminal Justice StatisticsSpring 2016 SPOT
CJUS 5700.900Evaluation and Research MethodologiesSpring 2016 SPOT
CJUS 4460.001Community CorrectionsFall 2015 Syllabus SPOT
CJUS 3600.001Criminology. 3600. CriminologyFall 2015 Syllabus SPOT

Published Intellectual Contributions

    Book Chapter

  • Malvaso, C., Harris, D., McGee, T.R., Craig, J.M. (2024). The implications of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) research in the treatment and prevention of offending behaviour. Frontiers in Developmental and Life-Course Criminology: Methodological Innovation and Social Benefit. 1 New York City, New York, Routledge.
  • Craig, J.M., Connell, N.M. (2018). Secondary data analysis: The effects of military participation on offending. SAGE Research Methods Cases Part 2. SAGE.
  • Craig, Jessica M. & Piquero, Alex R.. (2015). Crime and Punishment. The Oxford Handbook of Emerging Adulthood. 543-558. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Craig, Jessica M., Diamond, Brie, & Piquero, Alex R.. (2014). Marriage as an Intervention in the Lives of Criminal Offenders. Effective Interventions in the Lives of Criminal Offenders. 19-37. New York, Springer.
  • Journal Article

  • Trulson, C.R., Craig, J.M., Caudill, J.W., DeLisi, M. (2024). Sometimes they come back: Adult imprisonment of formerly incarcerated serious and violent juvenile offenders. American Journal of Criminal Justice.
  • Zettler, H.R., Craig, J.M. (2024). The Prevalence and Impact of Trauma among Participants in a Juvenile Mental Health Court. Criminal Justice and Behavior.
  • Craig, J.M., Trulson, C.R. (2024). Examining the Impact of Empathy on the Recidivism of Serious Juvenile Offenders. Crime & Delinquency.
  • Guerra, C., Craig, J.M. (2023). Bridging immigrant crime, acculturation, and the life course: A broader perspective. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice. 4 340-361.
  • Kim, J., Leban, L., Lee, Y., Craig, J.M. (2023). Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Influence on the Relation between Violent Offending and Mental Health Problems. American Journal of Criminal Justice. 48 851-870.
  • Craig, J.M., Zettler, H.R., Trulson, C.R. (2023). Trauma and Violent Misconduct among Incarcerated Juveniles: The Mediating Role of Mental Health. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. 9 121-140.
  • Craig, J.M., Malvaso, C., Farrington, D. (2023). The Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Different Types of Offending Behavior: An Examination across Two Generations of British Male Participants.. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology.
  • Cartwright, A.D., Craig, J.M. (2022). Empathy and Cognitive Distortions in Sex Offenders Participating in Community Based Treatment. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology.
  • Trulson, C.R., Craig, J., Caudill, J.W., DeLisi, M. (2022). Violent Institutional Misconduct in the Transition from Juvenile to Adult Correctional Facilities. The Prison Journal. 102 519-541.
  • Craig, J., Zettler, H., Trulson, C.R. (2022). What Predicts the Use of Blended Sentences among Eligible Juveniles?: A State-Wide Examination. Criminal Justice Policy Review. 33 (1) 99-115.
  • Craig, J.M., Wolff, K., Pierce, K., Zettler, H.R., Baglivio, M. (2022). Childhood Abuse, Neglect, Household Dysfunction, and Juvenile Recidivism: The Mediating Role of Social Bonds. Journal of Criminal Justice.
  • Craig, J.M., Wolff, K., Baglivio, M. (2022). Clustering of Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences: The Nature and Correlates of Risk and Protective Factors. Child Abuse & Neglect.
  • Zettler, H., Craig, J. (2022). Residentially-Placed Youth and the Adverse Childhood Experiences-Recidivism Relationship: Considering Racial/Ethnic and Sex Differences. American Journal of Criminal Justice.
  • Craig, J.M., Zettler, H. (2021). Are the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Violent Recidivism Offense-Specific?. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 19 (1) 27-44.
  • DeLisi, M., Butler, D., Caudill, J., Craig, J., Trulson, C.R. (2021). 99 Percenters: An Examination of the Misconduct Careers of the Most Violent and Disruptive Incarcerated Delinquents. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 60 1-9.
  • Powell, Z., Craig, J.M., Piquero, A.R., Baglivio, M., Epps, N. (2021). Delinquent Youth Concentration and Juvenile Recidivism.. Deviant Behavior. 42 (7) 821-836.
  • Craig, J., Wolff, K.T., Baglivio, M.T. (2021). Resilience in Context: The Association between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Cumulative Positive Childhood Experiences among Justice-Involved Youth.. Crime & Delinquency. 67 (11) 1647-1675.
  • Craig, J., Stewart, A., Hurren, E. (2021). Are Dual-System Offenders Different? An Examination of Prevalence and Specialization in Criminal Offending and Child Maltreatment Perpetration. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 65 (10-11) 1164-1191.
  • Craig, J., Malvaso, C., Farrington, D.P. (2021). All in the family? Exploring the intergenerational transmission of Adverse Childhood Experiences and their effect on offending behavior. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 19 (3) 292-307.
  • Baglivio, M.T., Zettler, H., Craig, J., Wolff, K.T. (2021). Evaluating RNR-based targeted treatment and intervention dosage in the context of traumatic exposure. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 19 (3) 251-276.
  • Craig, J.M., Trulson, C.R., DeLisi, M., Caudill, J. (2020). Toward an Understanding of the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on the Recidivism of Serious Juvenile Offenders. American Journal of Criminal Justice.
  • Craig, J.M., Guerra, C., Piquero, A.R. (2020). Immigrant Status, Offending, and Desistance: Do Relationship Characteristics Matter?. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. 6 67-94.
  • Nodeland, B.E., Craig, J.M., Meitl, M. (2020). Team-Based Learning in Criminal Justice: Application-Focused Activities in the Classroom. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching. 31 (3) 135-157.
  • Baktir, Y., Icer, M.M., Craig, J.M. (2020). Military and crime: A systematic review of the literature. Deviant Behavior. 41 (2) 233-251.
  • Craig, J.M. (2020). Do Adverse Childhood Experiences influence the Desistance Process?. Deviant Behavior. 41 (6) 683-704.
  • Trulson, C.R., Craig, J.M., DeLisi, M., Caudill, J. (2020). The Impact of Adult Prison Transfer on the Recidivism Outcomes of Blended Sentenced Juvenile Delinquents. Crime & Delinquency.
  • Craig, J.M., Nodeland, B.E., Long, R., Spivey, E. (2020). Student Perceptions of Team-Based Learning in the Criminal Justice Classroom. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 1-18. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2020.1742756
  • Nodeland, B.E., Craig, J. (2019). Perceptions of Legal and Extralegal Punishments for Sexual Harassment in the ‘MeToo’ Era. Deviant Behavior.
  • Barbieri, N., Clipper, S.J., Narvey, C., Rude, A., Craig, J.M., Piquero, N.L. Assessing General Strain Theory and Measures of Victimization, 2002-2018. Aggression and Violent Behavior.
  • Craig, J.M., Trulson, C.R. (2019). Continuity of the Delinquent Career Behind Bars: Predictors of Violent Misconduct among Female Delinquents. Aggression and Violent Behavior.
  • Craig, J.M., Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P. (2019). Not all At-Risk Boys have Bad Outcomes: Predictors of Later Life Success. Crime & Delinquency. 66 (3) 392-419.
  • Craig, J.M., Zettler, H.R., Wolff, K.T., Baglivio, M.T. (2019). Considering the Mediating Effects of Drug and Alcohol Use, Mental Health, and their Co-Occurrence on the Adverse Childhood Experiences-Recidivism Relationship. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 17 (3) 219-240.
  • Craig, J.M. (2019). The potential mediating impact of future orientation on the ACE-crime relationship. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 17 (6) 111-128.
  • Craig, J.M., Intravia, J., Wolff, K., Baglivio, M. (2019). What can help? Examining levels of substance (non)use as a protective factor in the effect of ACEs on crime.. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 17 (1) 62-61.
  • Craig, J.M. (2019). Extending Situational Action Theory to White-Collar Crime. Deviant Behavior. 40 171-186.
  • Craig, J.M., Piquero, A.R., Murray, J., Farrington, D. (2018). A Quasi-Experimental Test of the Effects of Criminal Justice Involvement on Later Mental Health. Journal of Experimental Criminology.
  • Craig, J.M., Cartwright, A.D., Baglivio, M.T., Wolff, K.T., Piquero, A.R., Epps, N. (2018). Why They Did It?: Sex Differences in the Impact of Mental Health and Substance Use on Motivations for Offending.”. Crime & Delinquency. 64 (6) 723-757.
  • Barbieri, N., Craig, J.M. (2018). Do the Effects of Strain and Religiosity on Criminal Coping Differ by Race and Ethnicity?. Crime & Delinquency. 64 (6) 807-828.
  • Zettler, H.R., Wolff, K., Baglivio, M., Craig, J.M., Epps, N. (2018). The Racial and Gender Differences in the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Juvenile Residential Placement. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 16 (3) 319-337.
  • Craig, J.M., Zettler, H., Wolff, K., Baglivio, M. (2018). Considering the mediating effects of drug and alcohol use, mental health, and their co-occurrence on the adverse childhood experiences-recidivism relationship. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 17 (3) 219-240.
  • Craig, J.M., Piquero, A., Farrington, D., Ttofi, M. (2017). A little early risk goes a long bad way: Adverse Childhood Experiences and life-course offending in the Cambridge Study. Journal of Criminal Justice. 53 34-45.
  • Craig, J.M., Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P. (2017). The Economic Maturity Gap Encourages Continuity in Offending. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. 3 (4) 380-396.
  • Craig, J.M., Baglivio, M.T., Wolff, K.T., Piquero, A.R., Epps, N. (2017). Do Social Bonds Buffer the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Re-offending?. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 15 (1) 3-20.
  • Craig, J.M., Cardwell, S.M., Piquero, A.R. (2017). The Effects of Criminal Propensity and Strain on Later Offending. Crime & Delinquency. 63 (13) 1655-1681.
  • Craig, J.M., Piquero, N.L. (2017). Sensational Offending: An Application of Sensation Seeking to White-Collar and Conventional Crimes. Crime & Delinquency. 63 (11) 1363-1382.
  • Craig, J.M. (2017). The Effects of Social Concern on White-Collar Offending. Deviant Behavior. 38 (7) 837-854.
  • Zettler, H.R., Cardwell, S.M., Craig, J.M. (2017). The gendering effects of co-authorship in criminology & criminal justice research. Other. 30 (1) 30-44.
  • Zettler, H., Cardwell, S., Craig, J.M. (2016). The gendering effects of co-authorship in criminology & criminal justice research. Criminal Justice Studies. 30 (1) 30-44.
  • Craig, J.M., Piquero, N.L. (2016). The Effects of Low Self-Control and Desire-For-Control on White-Collar Offending: A Replication. Deviant Behavior. 37 (11) 1308-1324.
  • Craig, J.M. (2016). Which Bond Matters More?: Assessing the Differential Strengths of Parental Bonding Measures on Adolescent Delinquency Over Time.. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 14 (3) 225-242.
  • Piquero, A.R., Bouffard, J.A., Piquero, N.L., Craig, J.M. (2016). Does Morality Condition the Deterrent Effect of Perceived Certainty Among Convicted Felons?. Crime & Delinquency. 62 (1) 3-25.
  • Bouffard, J.A., Craig, J.M., Piquero, A.R. (2015). Comparing Attitudinal and Situational Measures of Self-Control among Felony Offenders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. 25 (2) 112-125.
  • Craig, J.M., Morris, R.G., Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P. (2015). Heavy Drinking Ensnares Adolescents into Crime in Early Adulthood. Journal of Criminal Justice. 43 (2) 142-151.
  • Craig, J.M., Connell, N. (2015). The All-volunteer Force and Crime: The Effects of Military Participation on Offending Behavior. Armed Forces and Society. 41 329-351.
  • Craig, J.M. (2015). The Effects of Marriage and Parenthood on Offending Levels Over Time among Juvenile Offenders Across Race and Ethnicity. Journal of Crime and Justice. 38 (2) 163-182.
  • Piquero, N.L., Piquero, A.R., Craig, J.M., Clipper, S.J. (2013). Assessing Research on Workplace Violence, 2000-2012. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 18 383-394.
  • Craig, J.M., Foster, H. (2013). Desistance in the Transition to Adulthood: The Roles of Marriage, Military, and Gender. Deviant Behavior. 34 (3) 208-223.
  • Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P., Jennings, W.G., Diamond, B., Craig, J.M. (2012). Sex Offenders and Sex Offending in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development: Prevalence, Frequency, Specialization, Recidivism, and (Dis)continuity over the Life-Course. Journal of Crime and Justice. 35 (3) 412-426.

Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research

    Fellowship

  • Craig, J.M., "Building a Multidisciplinary Pipeline of Researchers in Child Abuse and Neglect: Summer Training Institute for Early Career or Transitioning Scholars," sponsored by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Federal, Funded. ( - 2018).
  • Craig, J., "Building a Multidisciplinary Pipeline of Researchers in Child Abuse and Neglect: Summer Training Institute for Early Career or Transitioning Scholars," sponsored by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Federal, Funded. ( - 2018).
  • Grant - Research

  • Zettler, H.R., Craig, J.M., Trahan, A., Watson, W.L., "North Texas Reentry Guide," sponsored by University of Illinois Education Justice Project, Other, $2000 Funded. (2023 - 2023).
  • Contractor, A.A. (Principal), Slavish, D. (Supporting), Craig, J. (Supporting), Caldwell, L. (Supporting), Sharma, R. (Supporting), "UNT-Military Health Collaborative," sponsored by University of North Texas Team Grant Mentoring Program, University of North Texas, $4000 Funded. (2020 - 2021).
  • Craig, J.M., "CREATE Support Program," sponsored by Office of Faculty Success, University of North Texas, $5000 Funded. (2019 - 2019).
  • Craig, J.M., "Sustaining Research Connections through National Conferences," University of North Texas, $1500 Funded. ( - 2017).
  • Fritsch, E.J., Trulson, C.R., Belshaw, S., Nodeland, B.E., Craig, J.M., "Mentoring Junior Faculty Team Grant Project: Sustaining Networks through Community Outreach," sponsored by UNT Team Grant, University of North Texas, $2000 Funded. ( - 2016).
  • Grant - Teaching

  • Wood, P.C. (Co-Principal), Bennett, A. (Co-Principal), Zettler, H.R. (Co-Principal), Craig, J.M. (Co-Principal), "International Crime and Justice in the Netherlands (ICJ-Netherlands)," sponsored by Texas International Education Consortium, State, $6000 Funded. (2023 - 2025).
  • Zettler, H., Craig, J., Dixon, A., Trahan, A., "Inside-Out Prison Exchange Network Team Mentoring Grant," sponsored by Office of Faculty Success, University of North Texas, $5000 Funded. (2021 - 2022).
  • Craig, J.M. (Principal), Bradetich, J.R. (Co-Principal), Nodeland, B.E. (Supporting), Long, R. (Supporting), Hagan, B.A. (Supporting), "Team Based Learning Collaborative," University of North Texas, $5000 Funded. (2019 - 2020).
  • Craig, J., Nodeland, B.E., Bradetich, J.R., "Online Team-Based Learning Workshop Hosted by UNT’s TBL Ambassadors," sponsored by Office of Faculty Success, University of North Texas, $5000 Funded. (2019 - 2020).
  • Bradetich, J.R. (Principal), Craig, J.M. (Co-Principal), Hagan, B.A. (Supporting), Long, R. (Supporting), Shadduck, M. (Supporting), Nodeland, B.E. (Supporting), "Cross-Campus Collaborators," University of North Texas, $5000 Funded. (2018 - 2019).
  • Craig, J.M., Wachter, H.G., Mukherjee, D., "Charn Uswachoke International Development Fund Award," sponsored by Charn Uswachoke International Development, University of North Texas, $2500 Funded. (2018 - 2019).
,
Overall
Summative Rating
Challenge and
Engagement Index
Response Rate

out of 5

out of 7
%
of
students responded
  • Overall Summative Rating (median):
    This rating represents the combined responses of students to the four global summative items and is presented to provide an overall index of the class’s quality. Overall summative statements include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 5 = Excellent, 3 = Good, and 1= Very poor):
    • The course as a whole was
    • The course content was
    • The instructor’s contribution to the course was
    • The instructor’s effectiveness in teaching the subject matter was
  • Challenge and Engagement Index:
    This rating combines student responses to several SPOT items relating to how academically challenging students found the course to be and how engaged they were. Challenge and Engagement Index items include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 7 = Much higher, 4 = Average, and 1 = Much lower):
    • Do you expect your grade in this course to be
    • The intellectual challenge presented was
    • The amount of effort you put into this course was
    • The amount of effort to succeed in this course was
    • Your involvement in course (doing assignments, attending classes, etc.) was
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