Faculty Profile


    

Education

MFA, University of Michigan, 1993.
Major: Art
BFA, The Kansas City Art Institute, 1985.
Major: Graphic Design

Current Scheduled Teaching*

ART 5450.730, Professional Internship, Summer 2024
ADES 1543.501, Foundations of User Centered Design, Spring 2024 Syllabus
ADES 5440.501, Interaction Design Makerlab 1, Spring 2024 Syllabus

* Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.

Previous Scheduled Teaching*

ADES 5450.501, Data and Information Visualization and Design, Fall 2023 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 3513.501, Data Visualization and the Design of Information, Fall 2023 Syllabus SPOT
ART 5450.730, Professional Internship, Summer 10W 2023 Syllabus
ART 5450.771, Professional Internship, Summer 3W1 2023 Syllabus
ADES 2700.900, Design Thinking, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5430.501, Human Centered Interaction Design 2, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 3513.501, Data Visualization and the Design of Information, Fall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5460.501, Interaction Design Inception to Pitch Capstone Project, Fall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
ART 5450.730, Professional Internship, Fall 2022 Syllabus
ART 5450.730, Professional Internship, Summer 10W 2022
ADES 4528.501, Final Portfolio in UXD, Spring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 1543.501, Foundations of User Centered Design, Spring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5900.732, Special Problems, Spring 2022
ADES 5460.601, Interaction Design Inception to Pitch Capstone Project, Fall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 3513.501, The Design of Visual Information, Fall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 2513.501, Typographic Systems, Fall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
ART 5900.740, Special Problems, Summer 2021
ADES 4528.001, Final Portfolio in UXD, Spring 2021 Syllabus SPOT
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2021 Syllabus SPOT
ART 5900.740, Special Problems, Spring 2021
ADES 5450.501, Data and Information Visualization and Design, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 3513.501, The Design of Visual Information, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 2513.501, Typographic Systems, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 2518.501, Design Prototyping and User Testing, Spring 2020 Syllabus
ADES 2523.001, Digital Patterns and Systems, Spring 2020 Syllabus
ADES 2523.002, Digital Patterns and Systems, Spring 2020
ADES 5450.501, Data and Information Visualization and Design, Fall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 3513.501, Data Visualization and the Design of Information, Fall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5410.501, Foundations & Frameworks of Interaction Design, Fall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2019
ADES 5900.730, Special Problems, Summer 5W2 2019
ADES 2523.001, Digital Patterns and Systems, Spring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
AEAH 5842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2019 SPOT
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2019
ADES 5450.501, Data and Information Visualization and Design, Fall 2018 SPOT
ADES 5410.501, Foundations & Frameworks of Interaction Design, Fall 2018 SPOT
ADES 5460.501, Interaction Design Inception to Pitch Capstone Project, Fall 2018 SPOT
ADES 1540.501, Foundations for Communication Design, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 1540.502, Foundations for Communication Design, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5450.501, Data and Information Visualization and Design, Fall 2017
ADES 5410.501, Foundations & Frameworks of Interaction Design, Fall 2017 SPOT
ADES 3510.501, Interaction Design I, Fall 2017 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 3545.504, Communication Design Studio, Spring 2017 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 1540.502, Foundations for Communication Design, Spring 2017 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5538.501, Guided Teaching Internship, Spring 2017
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2017 Syllabus SPOT
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2017
ADES 3510.502, Interaction Design I, Fall 2016 Syllabus SPOT
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2016
ADES 5530.090, Theories Employed by Design Researchers, Fall 2016 SPOT
ADES 5538.501, Guided Teaching Internship, Spring 2016
ADES 5548.091, Practicum in Design Research, Part 2, Spring 2016 SPOT
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2016
ADES 5515.091, Using Critical Methods to Guide Critical Writing in Design, Spring 2016 SPOT
ADES 5515.601, Using Critical Methods to Guide Critical Writing in Design, Spring 2016 SPOT
ADES 5523.091, Applied Design Research Projects : 2, Fall 2015 SPOT
ADES 3510.501, Interaction Design I, Fall 2015 Syllabus SPOT
ADES 5520.091, Methods Employed by Design Researchers, Fall 2015 SPOT
ADES 5520.601, Methods Employed by Design Researchers, Fall 2015 SPOT
ADES 5546.091, Practicum in Design Research, Part 1, Fall 2015 SPOT
ADES 5548.091, Practicum in Design Research, Part 2, Fall 2015 SPOT
ADES 5521.091, Applied Research I, Summer 5W2 2015 SPOT
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Summer 5W1 2015
ADES 5515.091, Critical Thinking, Spring 2015
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2015 Syllabus
AEAH 5842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2015
ADES 3540.501, Interaction Design II, Spring 2015 Syllabus
ADES 5548.091, Practicum in Collaborative Innovation Studies II, Spring 2015
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2015
ADES 5530.091, Design Research Theory, Fall 2014
ADES 1500.001, Introduction to Communication Design, Fall 2014 Syllabus
ADES 5546.091, Practicum in Innovation Studies I, Fall 2014
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2014
ART 5910.730, Special Problems, Fall 2014
ADES 5521.091, Applied Research I, Summer 5W2 2014
ADES 5515.091, Critical Thinking, Spring 2014
ADES 3540.501, Interaction Design II, Spring 2014 Syllabus
ADES 5548.091, Practicum in Collaborative Innovation Studies II, Spring 2014
ADES 4700.730, Professional Internship, Spring 2014
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2014
ADES 5520.092, Design Research Methods, Fall 2013
ADES 3510.501, Interaction Design I, Fall 2013 Syllabus
ADES 5546.091, Practicum in Innovation Studies I, Fall 2013
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2013
ART 5900.731, Special Problems, Summer 5W1 2013
ART 5900.731, Special Problems, Summer 5W2 2013
ADES 5522.091, Brand and Brand Experience, Spring 2013
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2013 Syllabus
AEAH 5842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2013
ADES 5548.091, Practicum in Collaborative Innovation Studies II, Spring 2013
ADES 5520.091, Design Research Methods, Fall 2012
ADES 5546.091, Practicum in Innovation Studies I, Fall 2012
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2012
ADES 5545.501, Communication Design Lecture Topics, Summer 5W1 2012
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Summer 5W2 2012
ADES 5522.091, Brand and Brand Experience, Spring 2012
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2012
AEAH 5842.001, History of Communication Design, Spring 2012
ADES 5548.091, Practicum in Collaborative Innovation Studies II, Spring 2012
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2012
ADES 5530.091, Design Research Methods II, Fall 2011
ADES 5546.091, Practicum in Innovation Studies I, Fall 2011
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2011
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Summer 5W2 2011
ADES 5522.091, Brand and Brand Experience, Spring 2011
ADES 5530.091, Design Research Methods II, Spring 2011
ART 4450.730, Professional Internship, Spring 2011
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2011
ART 5910.730, Special Problems, Spring 2011
ADES 5520.090, Design Research Methods, Fall 2010
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Fall 2010 Syllabus
AEAH 5842.002, History of Communication Design, Fall 2010
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2010
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Summer 5W1 2010
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Summer 5W2 2010
ART 4813.501, Computer Art Studio, Spring 2010
ART 4450.730, Professional Internship, Spring 2010
ART 4450.731, Professional Internship, Spring 2010
ADES 1510.501, Typography I, Spring 2010
ADES 5532.001, Design Pedagogy : Analysis and Processes, Fall 2009
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Fall 2009
AEAH 5842.002, History of Communication Design, Fall 2009
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2009
ART 4900.730, Special Problems, Summer 5W1 2009
ART 2082.503, Communication Design: Color Theory, Rendering and Production Techniques for Advertising, Spring 2009
ART 4813.501, Computer Art Studio, Spring 2009
ART 4813.503, Computer Art Studio, Spring 2009
ART 5930.730, Research Problems in Lieu of Thesis, Spring 2009
ART 3082.504, Communication Design: Three dimensional Graphic Design, Fall 2008
ART 3082.505, Communication Design: Three dimensional Graphic Design, Fall 2008
AEAH 4842.001, History of Communication Design, Fall 2008
ART 5920.730, Research Problems in Lieu of Thesis, Fall 2008
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2008
ART 2082.503, Communication Design: Color Theory, Rendering and Production Techniques for Advertising, Spring 2008
ART 4813.503, Computer Art Studio, Spring 2008
ART 5350.002, Research in Art, Spring 2008
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2008
ART 5807.094, Communication Design Studio, Fall 2007
ART 3082.503, Communication Design: Three dimensional Graphic Design, Fall 2007
ART 4376.002, History of Graphic Design, Fall 2007
ART 5377.002, History of Graphic Design, Fall 2007
ART 4900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2007
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2007
ART 3080.502, Communication Design: Advertising Design, Fall 2006
ART 3080.503, Communication Design: Advertising Design, Fall 2006
ART 4376.002, History of Graphic Design, Fall 2006
ART 5377.002, History of Graphic Design, Fall 2006
ART 4813.501, Computer Art Studio, Summer 3W1 2006
ART 2084.502, Communication Design: Graphic Design, Spring 2006
ART 4082.501, Communication Design: Publication Design, Spring 2006
ART 4082.503, Communication Design: Publication Design, Spring 2006
ART 5930.730, Research Problems in Lieu of Thesis, Spring 2006
ART 4091.502, Communication Design: Advanced Graphic Design, Fall 2005
ART 3080.502, Communication Design: Advertising Design, Fall 2005
ART 4376.002, History of Graphic Design, Fall 2005
ART 5377.002, History of Graphic Design, Fall 2005
ART 5920.730, Research Problems in Lieu of Thesis, Fall 2005
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Fall 2005
ART 4813.730, Computer Art Studio, Summer 3W1 2005
ART 2084.501, Communication Design: Graphic Design, Spring 2005
ART 4082.501, Communication Design: Publication Design, Spring 2005
ART 4082.502, Communication Design: Publication Design, Spring 2005
ART 5930.730, Research Problems in Lieu of Thesis, Spring 2005
ART 5900.730, Special Problems, Spring 2005
ART 4092.501, Communication Design: Advanced Art Direction, Fall 2004
ART 4091.502, Communication Design: Advanced Graphic Design, Fall 2004
ART 3080.501, Communication Design: Advertising Design, Fall 2004
ART 5920.730, Research Problems in Lieu of Thesis, Fall 2004

* Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.

Published Publications

Published Intellectual Contributions

Abstracts and Proceedings
Owens, K., Gibson, M. (2019). Working from the outside in: Using "the big three" investigative phenomena to situate and frame research endeavors informed by design.. 1, 20-28. New York, NY: American Institute of Graphic Design (AIGA). https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/q811km32f
Gibson, M. R. (2010). Educating Design Process Educators as a Means to Educate Ethically Minded Designers..
Gibson, M. R. (2010). Synergizing Positivistic and Aesthetic Approaches to Improve the Development of Interactive Visual Systems..
Book
Gibson, M. R. (2009). From power to empowerment: Critical literacy in visual culture ..
Book Chapter
Gibson, M. R. (2016). Designing from the end to the beginning and back again: introducing students to service design thinking. Developing Citizen Designers. Designing Citizen Designers, 312. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Owens, K. M., Gibson, M. R. (2014). MAKING MEANING HAPPEN BETWEEN ‘US’ AND ‘THEM’ Strategies for bridging gaps in understanding between researchers who possess design knowledge and those working in disciplines outside design. The Routeledge Companion to Design Research. 386-399. https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-Design-Research/Rodgers-Yee/p/book/9781138310247
Joiner, J., Gibson, M. R. (2013). The Semiotics of a Smile: Signs of Failure on Multi-Use Trails in Dallas, Texas. Signs and Symbols for Workplace and Public Use. 25-41. New York, NY: Nova Publishers.
Gibson, M. R. (2008). The Importance of Critically Examining What It Now Means to Be Visually Literate: An Introduction to the Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on the Critical Examination of Visual Literacy.
Book Review
Gibson, M. R., Peters, J. G. (2010). The Chester River Press edition of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Parenthesis. 19, 53-55.
Conference Proceeding
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2023). A focused exploration about how technologically enhanced educational approaches can positively foster early childhood to young adult learning and creativity. Design, User Experience, and Usability. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: HCII 2023: Design, User Experience, and Usability. 12(1), 88-97. London: Springer Nature. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-35708-4_6
Owens, K. M., Gibson, M. R. (2023). A Focused Exploration About How Technologically Enhanced Educational Approaches Can Positively Foster Early Childhood to Young Adult Learning and Creativity. 12(12th International Conference, DUXU 20, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023, Proceedings, Part IV), 88-97. London: Springer Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-35708-4_6
Gibson, M. R. (2009). Making the Social, Technological, Environmental, Economic and Political Case for a Master's Level Educational Experience in Collaborative Innovation Studies.
Gibson, M. R. (2007). Examining a Pseudo-Elegant Failure: How Designers Contribute to the Perception of The Myth of Classlessness and Perpetuate the Culture of Greed.
Gibson, M. R. (2007). Expanding Opportunities for Design Research: Creating Viable Interdisciplinary Research Partnerships Between Designers and People in Universities Who Haven't Been to Design School.
Journal Article
Gibson, M. R., Abel, T. (2019). Silo-busting and Island-Hopping: How (and Why) to Deploy Pedagogic Approaches That Blend Theory and Practice. Medium. 3(4), 9. Seattle, Washington: The Interaction Design Association. https://medium.com/ixda/silo-busting-and-island-hopping-how-and-why-to-deploy-pedagogic-approaches-that-blend-theory-bb0a0909bb7a
Benson, E., Gibson, M. R., Jennings, J. (2017). Dezombies and the Coming Design Apocalypse: Confronting the Urgent Need to Increase Racial Diversity and Environmental Awareness in University-Level American Communication Design Programs. Dialectic. 1(2), 129-154. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Publishing.
Owens, K. M., Gibson, M. R. (2017). It’s Time to Stir the Pot…. Dialectic. 1(1), 7-8. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Publishing. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/dialectic/14932326.0001.101?view=text;rgn=main
Peak, D. A., Prybutok, V. R., Gibson, M. R., Wu, Y., Xu, C. (2014). User Perceptions of Aesthetic Visual Design Variables within the Informing Environment: A Web-Based Experiment. Informing Science. 7, 25-57.
Gibson, M. R. (2006). 2+2=anything but 4: Using design methods to overcome barriers to creative thinking..
Gibson, M. R. (2005). The Cooltrain Stops Here: Combating Design-Driven Social Stratification.
Gibson, M. R. (2005). We're getting too comfortable with discomfort: exploring the role that "bad design" plays in our society. International Journal for the Humanities.
Gibson, M. R. (2000). Seven on Seven for 2000: Can Graduate School Really Make You a Better Designer, or Does It Just Make You Feel More Intelligent?.
Gibson, M. R. (1999). A Synopsis of an Intermediate Undergraduate Exercise in Problem-Solving: Using the Digital Design Environment to Monitor the Development of Strategic Project Planning. 1(1), 110-121. Richmond, Virginia: Center for Design Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University.
Gibson, M. R. (1997). Teaching Critical Analytical Methods in the Digital Design Classroom. Visible Language. 31(3), 300-325. Providence, Rhode Island: The Rhode Island School of Design.
Magazine/Trade Publication
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2019). Dialectic, volume 2, issue 2. Dialectic. I design direct, co-edit, and produce this entire 184-page scholarly publication.. 2(2), 184. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Publishing on behalf of the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). http://dialectic.aiga.org/
Managing Editor
Owens, K., Gibson, M. (2017). Managing Editor. Dialectic. Dialectic. All of them(All of them), All of them. Ann Arbor, Michigan and New York, NY: University of Michigan Publishing AND the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) Design Educators' Community (DEC). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/dialectic/
Other
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2023). Dialectic, Volume 5, Issue 1. Dialectic. 5(1), 136. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Publishing Services. https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/dialectic/
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2022). Dialectic, Volume 4, Issue 1. Dialectic. 4(1), 124. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Publishing Services. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/dialectic
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2022). Dialectic Volume 3, Issue 1. Dialectic. 3(1), 153. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Publishing Services. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/dialectic
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2018). Producer and Co-Editor of Dialectic. Dialectic. Dialectic, Vol. II, Issue 1. 2(1), 240. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Publishing. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/dialectic
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2017). Co-founder, Producer and Co-editor of this scholarly journal re: design education. Other. Dialectic. ALL OF THEM(ALL OF THEM), ALL OF THEM. Ann Arbor, Michigan and New York, New York: University of Michigan Publishing AND the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) Design Educators’ Community (DEC). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/dialectic/
Video and Audiovisual Material
Gibson, M. R., Owens, K. M. (2021). Some Useful Information for Design Educators Who Wish to Credibly Publish Their Research and Scholarship. The AIGA SHIFT{ed} Summer 2021 Design Education Summit. This piece is a 26-minute video. New York, New York: The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) Design Educators' Community (DEC). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYI5jsEzwG4&t=1s
Webpage
Gibson, M. R., Abel, T. (2019). Silo-busting and Island-Hopping: How (and Why) to Deploy Pedagogic Approaches That Blend Theory and Practice. Other. medium.com. https://medium.com/ixda/silo-busting-and-island-hopping-how-and-why-to-deploy-pedagogic-approaches-that-blend-theory-bb0a0909bb7a

Awarded Grants

Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research

Contract
Gibson, M. R. (Principal), Owens, K. M. (Principal), "Producer and Co-Primary Editor," Sponsored by The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) Design Educators’ Community (DEC), Other, $61100 Funded. (October 15, 2016January 16, 2020).
Gibson, M. R., "An External Assessment of the Graduate and Undergraduate Graphic Design Programs at Oklahoma State University," Sponsored by Oklahoma State University’s Department of Art, Graphic Design and Art History, Other, $1636.00 Funded. (April 3, 2019August 15, 2019).
Carlson, C. C. (Co-Principal), Gibson, M. R. (Co-Principal), Owens, K. M. (Co-Principal), "Develop and design a website to promote UNT CVAD’s new MA program in Interaction Design," Sponsored by UNT’s New College in Frisco and UNT CVAD, University of North Texas, $34600 Funded. (June 11, 2017August 31, 2017).
Grant - Research
Gibson, M. R. (Principal), Nazir, C. (Co-Principal), "Engaging in User Research to Determine the Design and Function Parameters that will Guide the Development and Implementation of the Rural North Texas Online Diabetes Information Center," Sponsored by UNT CVAD, University of North Texas, $600 Funded. (20232024).
Gibson, M. R. (Principal), "EndoMD: Empowering Diabetic Care for Rural North Texans (Expansion of Project Scope and Depth)," Sponsored by The University of North Texas College of Visual Arts and Design, University of North Texas, $9840 Funded. (December 4, 2023March 22, 2024).
Gibson, M. R., "EndoMD: Empowering Diabetic Care for Rural North Texans (Initial Development and Design)," Sponsored by UNT CVAD, University of North Texas, $9998 Funded. (May 15, 2023August 18, 2023).
Connors, P. L. (Principal), Gibson, M. R. (Co-Principal), Kennon, L. R. (Co-Principal), "Collaborative Design of a Food Choice Innovation for Middle School," Sponsored by Honors College, University of North Texas, University of North Texas, $8000 Funded. (20102011).
Grant - Teaching
Hyland, P. (Principal), Gibson, M. R. (Supporting), Owens, K. M. (Supporting), "M.R. and Evelyn Hudson Foundation Grant," Sponsored by M.R. and Evelyn Hudson Foundation, Private, $25000 Funded. (20182018).
Sponsored Research
Gibson, M. R. (Co-Principal), Owens, K. M. (Co-Principal), Hyland, P. (Co-Principal), "Examining Approaches and Methods for Integrating Design Thinking into Middle School Visual Arts Classrooms in the Denton, Texas Independent School District," Sponsored by Onstead Institute for the Advancement of Art and Design, University of North Texas, $25000 Funded. (August 1, 2018 – Present).
,
Overall
Summative Rating
Challenge and
Engagement Index
Response Rate

out of 5

out of 7
%
of
students responded
  • Overall Summative Rating (median):
    This rating represents the combined responses of students to the four global summative items and is presented to provide an overall index of the class’s quality. Overall summative statements include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 5 = Excellent, 3 = Good, and 1= Very poor):
    • The course as a whole was
    • The course content was
    • The instructor’s contribution to the course was
    • The instructor’s effectiveness in teaching the subject matter was
  • Challenge and Engagement Index:
    This rating combines student responses to several SPOT items relating to how academically challenging students found the course to be and how engaged they were. Challenge and Engagement Index items include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 7 = Much higher, 4 = Average, and 1 = Much lower):
    • Do you expect your grade in this course to be
    • The intellectual challenge presented was
    • The amount of effort you put into this course was
    • The amount of effort to succeed in this course was
    • Your involvement in course (doing assignments, attending classes, etc.) was
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