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Rhonda R. Christensen

Title: Research Professor

Department: Learning Technologies

College: College of Information

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae Link

Education

  • PhD, University of North Texas, 1997
    Major: Information Science
  • MS, University of North Texas, 1992
    Major: Computer Education and Cognitive Systems
  • BS, Texas A & M University, 1985
    Major: Curriculum and Instruction

Current Scheduled Teaching

No current or future courses scheduled.

Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.

Previous Scheduled Teaching

CECS 6511.031Introduction to Research in Learning TechnologiesFall 2013
CECS 6511.041Introduction to Research in Learning TechnologiesFall 2013
CECS 6510.031Analysis of Research in Educational ComputingSummer 10W 2013
LTEC 4100.021Computers in the ClassroomFall 2012
LTEC 4100.025Computers in the ClassroomSpring 2012 Syllabus
CECS 4100.008Computers in the ClassroomSpring 2006
CECS 4100.001Computers in the ClassroomFall 2005
CECS 4100.008Computers in the ClassroomSpring 2005
CECS 4100.001Computers in the ClassroomFall 2004
Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.

Published Intellectual Contributions

    Abstracts and Proceedings

  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2023). Preservice teachers’ technology experiences and TPACK core: Enhancing the WST model of technology integration. Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning. 360-369. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/222524/
  • Das, A., Trevisan, O., Knezek, G., Christensen, R. (2022). Changes in Knowledge Structures Among Middle School Students Participating in Technology Infused Space Science Engagement Activities. Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning. 731-736. New York, NY, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/221364/
  • Christensen, R.R., Hillaire, G., Marvez, G., Azukas, M., Holben, D.M., Gregory, S., Ledger, S. (2022). Using Virtual Simulations in Teacher Education to Develop Equitable Teaching Strategies. In E. Langran (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 484-488. Waynesville NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R. (2022). Preservice Teachers and K-12 learners: Alternative space science engagement perspectives. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 1040-1045. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/220847/
  • Boone, J., Das, A., Trevisan, O., Knezek, G., Christensen, R. (2022). Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators of Student Interest in STEM Careers. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 1627-1631. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/220926/
  • Trevisan, O., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., DeRossi, M. (2021). Distance teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceptions of higher education technology uses in Italy and the USA. Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning 2021. 720-726. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/219733/
  • Shonfeld, M., Knezek, G.A., Starkey, L., Christensen, R., Ng, C., Butler, D., Leahy, M., Twinning, P., Phillips, M., Yildiz, M. (2020). Learners and learning contexts: New alignments for the digital age. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 997–1000. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/215852/
  • Foulger, T.S., Graziano, K.J., Schmidt-Crawford, D.A., Skykhuis, D.A., Chang, Y.L., Christensen, R., Dillon, D.R., Heath, M.K., Knezek, G., Krutka, D.G., Parrish, A.H., Sadera, W.A., Thomas, A. (2020). Fostering new research following the Teacher Educator Technology Competencies (TETCs): Research from the JTATE special issue, preparing all teacher educators to support teacher candidates' integration of technology. In D. Schmidt-Crawford (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 425-432. Charlottesville VA, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2019). Technology proficiencies among teachers: Impact of teaching level, classroom access, use and support for learning.. Washington DC, American Educational Research Association.
  • Farjon, D., Smits, A., Voogt, J., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., Petko, D., Prasse, D., Tondeur, J., Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., Valtonen, T., Sointu, E., van Braak, J. (2018). Factors Affecting Pre- and In-Service Use of Technology in Teaching: Implications for Research and Practice. Proceedings of Ed Media: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology. 604-607. Amsterdam, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Knezek, G.A., Voogt, J., Christensen, R., Eichhorn, K., Sligte, H., Baker, R., Petko, T., Shonfeld, M., Smits, A., Ifenthaler, D., Webb, M., Tondeur, J., Howard, S. (2018). Research-Based Implications for Policy and Practice: Outcomes from EduSummIT 2017 - The Fifth International Summit on Information Technology in Education. 783-788. Amsterdam, AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A. (2018). Relationship among student classroom use of technology for learning and teacher home use of technology, teacher level of technology integration and number of years of participation in a STEM program. Honolulu, HI, Hawaii International Conference on Education.
  • Voogt, J., Lai, K., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.A. (2018). Rethinking Learning in the Digital Age–Implications for Teacher Education. 2018 1075-1079. Charlottesville, Virginia, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Gibson, D., Knezek, G., Infenthaler, D., Voogt, J., Christensen, R., Schildkamp, K., Resta, P., Smith, S. (2017). Charting New Directions in Educational Research. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 973-979). Austin, TX, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/177378/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2016). Relationship of mobile learning readiness to teacher proficiency in classroom technology integration. Other. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA), Mannheim, Germany Oct. 28-30. Invited for extension and journal submission.
  • Voogt, J., Lai, K.W., Knezek, G., Albion, P., Tondeur, J., Forkosh-Baruch, A., Schönfield, M., Laferrière, T., Spector, J.M., Mishra, P., Fisser, P., Henriksen, D., Christensen, R., Resta, P., Searson, M., Angeli, C., Chamblee, G., Langub, L. (2016). Technology Enhanced Quality Learning for All: The EDUsummIT 2015 Call to Action. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2016 (pp. 1246-1248). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Convention, Chicago, IL.
  • Milman, N., Christensen, R., Spector, J.M., Branch, R., Schmidt-Crawford, D., Hodges, C., Borthwick, A., Shoffner, M., Knezek, G., Rutledge, D., Manfra, M., Chamblee, G., Langub, L. (2016). A Revised Replication Study Typology and A Call for Participation: Replication Studies involving Technology and Teacher Education. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2016 (pp. 1115-1119). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/171829/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2016). Blending Formal and Informal Learning Through an Online Immersive Game Environment. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2016 (pp. 535-540). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/171729/
  • Christensen, R., Niederhauser, D., Knezek, G. (2016). Teacher Indicators for Technology Enhanced Teaching and Learning: Expanding Outcomes from EDUSummIT 2015. Chesapeake, VA, Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2016 (pp. 1028-1035). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)..
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Tyler-Wood, T. (2015). Measuring middle school attitudes toward climate change. School Science and Mathematics. Oklahoma City, OK, In Proceedings of the School Science and Mathematics Association Convention, Oklahoma City, August 2015..
  • Hopper, S., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2014). The Relationship of Personality Traits to Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness for Teacher Preparation Candidates in a Simulated Classroom Environment. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2014.

    • Book

  • Voogt, J., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., Lai, K. (2018). Second Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education. 1200. Springer.

    • Book Chapter

  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2024). Space Science Engagement Through Low-Cost Technology Implementations: Lessons Learned Regarding What Works with NASA Resources. Exploring Perspectives on Creativity Theory and Research in Education. Creativity Theory and Action in Education. 8 Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-55416-2
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2023). Space Science Engagement through Low-Cost Technology Implementations: Lessons Learned Regarding What Works with NASA Resources. The Power of Creativity in the Classroom. New York, NY, Springer.
  • Friesen, S., Phillips, M., Forkosh-Baruch, A., Christensen, R.R., Drossel, K., Trevisan, O., Shaffer, D.W., Horikoshi, I. (2023). Pedagogical reasoning and reflective practice: Teacher’s professional learning and development in new digital realities. Moving forward to new educational realities in the digital era. Report of EDUsummIT 2023.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Gibson, D. (2022). Empathy: How Can Technology Help Foster Its Increase Rather Than Decline in the 21st Century?. Social and Emotional Learning and Complex Skills Assessment. Advances in Analytics for Learning and Teaching. 23. New York, New York, Springer.
  • Tondeur, J., Petko, D., Barma, S., Christensen, R., Drossel, K., Eichhorn, K., Knezek, G.A., Mukama, E., Schmidt-Crawford, D., Starkey, L., Nleya, P. (2020). Advancing Conceptual Models of Technology Integration in Education: Implications for Researchers, Practitioners and Policymakers. 70-75. Quebec City, EDUSummIT. https://edusummit2019.fse.ulaval.ca/files/edusummit2019_ebook.pdf
  • Voogt, J., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Lai, K. (2018). Developing an Understanding of the Impact of Digital Technologies on Teaching and Learning in an Ever-Changing Landscape. Springer International Handbooks of Education.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2018). Measuring teacher attitudes, competencies, and pedagogical practices in support of student learning and classroom technology integration.. Springer International Handbooks of Education.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2018). Section Introduction: Attitudes, Competencies, and Dispositions for Teaching and Learning with Information Technology. Springer International Handbooks of Education.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2018). The Evolving Role of Attitudes and Competencies in Information and Communication Technology in Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2015). Active Learning Approaches to Integrating Technology into a Middle School Science Curriculum Based on 21st Century Skills. Emerging Technologies for STEAM Education. 17-37. Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02573-5_2
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2015). Teacher Dispositions toward Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). Research highlights in Technology and Teacher Education 2015. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2014). Measuring Technology Readiness and Skills. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology. 829-840. Springer New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_67
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2014). Tools for Analyzing Quantitative Data. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology. 203-220. Springer New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_17

    • Conference Proceeding

  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2023). Using a Simulated Teaching Environment to Improve Teaching Effectiveness as Measured by Core Teaching Standards. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 562-565. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/221909/
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G., Norton, S. (2023). Using framing effect to detect implicit bias in educators through a simulated teaching environment. 945-957. Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)..
  • Tillman, D.A., Soto, T.J., Henriksen, D., Woo, L.J., Mishra, P., Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2023). Designing Innovative STEM Instruction that Encourages Student Creativity. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 1080-1082. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/221968/
  • Christensen, R.R. (2023). Exploring predictors of preservice teachers’ TPACK core. 2433-2442. Waynesville, NC, Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/f/222141/
  • Jin, Y., McVey, M., Christensen, R.R., Asim, S., Howe, K., Cheon, J., Rutledge, D., Ardito, G., Johnson, L., Webb, L., Lipsmeyer, L. (2023). Modeling Innovative Technology Use in Teacher Education and Professional Development. 2083-2086. Waynesville NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/222097/
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2022). Simulations and Teacher Professional Development: Approaches to Cross-Validation of Culturally Responsive Teaching Strategies. Proceedings of SITE Interactive Conference. 136-139. Waynesville NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/221582/
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2022). Relationship of Innovation Attitudes to STEM Dispositions and Career Interest. In T. Bastiaens (Ed.), Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning. 232-241. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/221294/
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2022). Using Digital Simulation to Address Implicit Bias in Teaching. In E. Langran (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 477-483. Waynesville NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE),.
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., Cline, T. (2021). Educator awareness of space science learning resources: COVID pivots and implications for educational technology professional development. 812-817. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Ng, C., Sasser, L., Stephenson, B., Mirel, P., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2021). NASA STEAM Innovation Initiatives: Technology Resources for Teacher Educators. 822-826. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/219223/
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2021). Introducing Preservice Teachers to Online Interactive Learning Games. Waynesville, NC, Proceedings of SITE Interactive Conference/Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/220212/
  • Christensen, R. (2021). Validation of a Technology Proficiency Survey for Educators. 782-791. Charlottesville VA, Association of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Christensen, R., Kruse, S., Christensen, R. (2021). Using simSchool to enhance simEquity for preservice and inservice teachers. Society for Information Technology in Teacher Education 302-305. Charlottesville VA, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/220207
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A. (2020). Adapting Innovative Technology Activities for Remote Learning Opportunities. 297-298. Waynesville, VA, Proceedings of SITE Interactive Online 2020 Conference AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A., Collum, D. (2020). Using Simulation Based Learning to Increase Multicultural Awareness in Educators. 102-106. Waynesville, VA, Proceedings of SITE Interactive Online 2020 Conference AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Jin, Y., Graziano, K., Trust. (2020). Where Do Edtech, Equity, & Privacy Fit within Methods Courses?. 94-95. Waynesville VA, Proceedings of SITE Interactive Online 2020 Conference AACE.
  • Langran, E., Searson, M., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2020). AI in teacher education. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 735-740. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/215821
  • Furuta, T., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2020). Implications of Hands-on Technological Creation Experiences and TPACK Assessments for Preservice Teacher Education. Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning. 338-341. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/217326/
  • Tondeur, J., Howard, S., Knezek, G.A., Voogt, J., Ifenthaler, D., Gibson, D., Petko, D., Smits, A., Forkosh-Baruch, A., Phillips, M., Sligte, H., Shonfeld, M., Christensen, R. (2020). Research-Based Implications for Policy and Practice: Outcomes from EDUsummIT 2019 (Quebec). Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/217340/
  • Trevisan, O., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., Grion, V., Christensen, R. (2020). Technology and Distance Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Deriving Constructs from an International Higher Education Survey. Proceedings of SITE Interactive Online 2020 Conference. 194-200. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A. (2020). Connecting Students to Mars and Stars using Innovative Technologies. 190-198. Waynesville, VA, Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning AACE.
  • Collum, D., Christensen, R., Delicath, T., Knezek, G.A. (2020). Measuring changes in educator bias in a simulated learning environment. 507-513. Waynesville, VA, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Christensen, R., Cline, T., Odenwald, S., Thomas, A., Knezek, G.A. (2020). Using Innovative Technologies to Support STEM Teaching and Learning. 865-868. Waynesville, VA, Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference AACE.
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2019). A Preliminary analysis of the teacher educator technology competency survey. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 1174-1180. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Furuta, T., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2019). Bridging the gap between computational thinking and the integration of ICT into classroom teaching and learning: A barrier to be addressed. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 1160-1162. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Voogt, J., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., Tondeur, J., Ifenthaler, D., Eickelmann, B. (2019). Core themes in the second international handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education: A bird’s eye view. Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning. 488-493. Amsterdam, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2019). Predictors of STEM Career Interest Among Middle School Students: Implications for Educational Reform, Policy, and Innovation. 614-619. Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2019). Space science activities to enhance middle school students’ interest in STEM: Follow-up assessment of disposition retention. Proceedings of E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education. 850-889. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A., Hobbs, F., Kelley, J., den Lepcha, S., Dong, D., Liu, S., Want, K., Yotchoum Nzia, H., Kelley, D. (2019). Creating technology enriched activities to enhance middle school students’ interest in STEM. 1326-1334. Waynesville, VA, Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Hobbs, F., Kelley, J., Den Lepcha, S., Dong, D., Liu, S., Wang, K., Yotchoum Nzia, H. (2019). Creating technology enriched activities to enhance middle school students’ interest in STEM. 1326-1334. Charlottesville, VA, Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning AACE.
  • Furuta, T., Otomo, K., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2019). Preliminary analysis of an instrument to assess computational thinking skills in Japanese junior high students. 326-330. Waynesville, VA, AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A. (2019). Changes in cognitive knowledge structures during an online educational technology course. 388-395. Waynesville, VA, Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning.
  • Collum, D., Christensen, R., Delicath, T., Johnston, V. (2019). SimSchool: SPARCing new grounds in research on simulated classrooms. 733-739. Waynesville, VA, AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Cline, T., Ng, C. (2019). Using Innovative Technologies to Increase Middle School Students’ Interest in Space Science.. 1002-1007. Waynesville, VA, Association for the Advancement of Computers in Education (AACE).
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A. (2018). The relationship of mathematics enjoyment and confidence to interest in a STEM career: The importance of the “M” in STEM. 5 5-13. Stillwater, OK, Proceedings of the 117th Annual School Science and Mathematics Association Convention. https://www.ssma.org/assets/Proceedings/2018ProceedingsFinalWeb.pdf
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2018). Learner Attributes and Technology-Enriched Environments Associated with Positive Climate Change Attitudes and Energy and Environmental Science Knowledge in Middle School Students.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2018). Outcomes from Technology Enhanced Informal Learning Activities to Increase Middle School Students' Interest in STEM.
  • Voogt, J., Lai, K., Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., Forkosh, Baruch, A., Grinshkun, V., Grigoryev, S., Shonfeld, M., Smits, A., Henrikson, D., Henderson, M., Uvarov, A., Philips, M., Webb, M., Niederhauser, D., Mishra, P., Leahy, M., Butler, D. (2018). Rethinking Learning in the Digital Age – Implications for Teacher Education. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. 1023-1027. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/182658/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2017). Changes in Teacher Dispositions Among Participants in Hands-on Teaching of a STEM Curriculum. 2067-2073. In P. Resta & S. Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2017.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Resta, P., Smith, S. (2017). Changes in Teacher Dispositions Among Participants in Hands-on Teaching of a STEM Curriculum. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 2067-2073). Austin, TX, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/177500/
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Troy, C., C, N., Resta, P., Smith, S. (2017). Eclipse 2017: Resources for Teachers to Support Space Science Engagement. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 2133-2137). Austin, TX, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/177506/
  • Miller, J., Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Resta, P., Smith, S. (2017). Effect of a Makerspace Training Series on Elementary and Middle School Educator Confidence Levels Toward Integrating Technology. Yearbook of Conrad Studies. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1015-1020). Austin, TX, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/177380/
  • Knezek, G., Furuta, T., Christensen, R., Resta, P., Smith, S. (2017). Examining associations between perceptions of junior high friends and learning computer programming with implications for teacher preparation. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 960-964). Austin, TX, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/177376/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Darby, D., Den Lepcha, S., Jiang, B., Kuo, A., Wu, A., Johnston, J. (2017). Outcomes from Technology Enhanced Informal Learning Activities: Total Solar Eclipse. Other. Proceedings of EdMedia 2017 (pp. 1064-1071). Washington, DC: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/178499/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2017). Perceptions of Early, Mid or Late Career Teachers Regarding Technology Integration, Technology Proficiency and Access to Tools and Resources. 946-953. Chesapeake, VA, Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2017.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Resta, P., Smith, S. (2017). Perceptions of Early, Mid or Late Career Teachers Regarding Technology Integration, Technology Proficiency and Access to Tools and Resources. Other. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 946-953). Austin, TX, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/177374/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2016). Relationship of middle school student STEM interest to career intent.. Bodrum, Turkey, Proceedings of the International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology (ICEMST.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2016). Effect of energy monitoring activities on climate change beliefs and intentions: Replication of findings at multiple project locations. Other. 265-269. http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ICALT.2016.49
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2016). Effect of energy monitoring activities on climate change beliefs and intentions: Replication of findings at multiple locations. Other. Austin, Texas, IEEE http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2016.49.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Tyler-Wood, T. (2016). Ethnic group differences in middle school STEM dispositions.. World Educational Research Association. https://www.weraonline.org/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Tyler-Wood, T. (2015). Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) dispositions in context: Two programs with positive outcomes at the secondary school level. American Educational Research Journal. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Convention, Chicago, IL.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Tyler-Wood, T. (2015). The technology proficiency self-assessment questionnaire (TPSA): Evolution of a self-efficacy measure for technology integration. American Educational Research Journal. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Convention, Chicago, IL..
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Tyler-Wood, T. (2015). Measuring middle school attitudes toward climate change. 18-25. Oklahoma City, OK, Proceedings of the School Science and Mathematics Association Convention.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Tyler-Wood, T. (2015). Teacher dispositions toward science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Other. 45-52. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2015 (pp. 1362-1368). Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Tyler-Wood, T. (2015). Gains in environmental science and vampire power knowledge among middle school students participating in STEM project activities.. Presentation to the Hawaii International Conference on Education, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 7, 2015.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2014). The technology proficiency self-assessment questionnaire (TPSA): Evolution of a self-efficacy measure for technology integration. Other. 190-196. Proceedings of KEYCIT 2014 – Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT, 2014, pp. 190-196..
  • Mayes, G., Mills, L., Christensen, R. & Knezek, G.. (2012). Evolution of Technology Proficiency Perceptions: Construct Validity for the Technology Proficiency Self-Assessment (TPSA) Questionnaire from a Longitudinal Perspective..
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Tyler-Wood, T., Periathiruvaldi, S., Alexander, C., Mayes, G., Owens, C. & Magoun,. (2012). Measurement of STEM Dispositions in Elementary School Students..
  • Tyler-Wood, T., Curby, A., Periathiruvadi, S., Knezek, G., Christensen, R. & Arrowood, D.. (2012). Middle School Water Conservation Unit: Increasing Middle Schoolers Interest in Pursuing a Career in Environmental Engineering.
  • Periathiruvadi, S., Tyler-Wood, T., Knezek, G. & Christensen, R.. (2012). Simulating Students with Learning Disabilities in Virtual Classrooms: A Validation Study..
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2012). STEM Learning to STEM Careers: Middle Schoolers Out to Save the World.
  • Ellison, A., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L., Barrio, B., Peak, P.K. (2010). Computerized Classroom Simulation Improves Pre-Service & In-Service Teachers.

    • Journal Article

  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2023). Impact of space science innovative technology activities on middle school student groups underrepresented in STEM. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. 41 (4) 1-29. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
  • Christensen, R.R., Trevisan, O. (2023). EDUsummIT: International collaboration to inform stakeholders about potentialities of information technology in education. TECH Trends. 67 777-780. Springer. https://link-springer-com.libproxy.library.unt.edu/article/10.1007/s11528-023-00889-z
  • Trevisan, O., De Rossi,, M., Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Smits , A. (2023). Factors shaping faculty online teaching competencies during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Educational Technology Research and Development. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10197-1
  • Williams, M., Christensen, R.R., McElroy, D., Rutledge, D. (2023). Teacher self-efficacy in technology integration as a critical component in designing technology-infused teacher preparation programs. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education. 23 (1) Waynesville NC, Association for the Advancement in Computing in Education (AACE). https://citejournal.org/volume-23/issue-1-23/general/teacher-self-efficacy-in-technology-integration-as-a-critical-component-in-designing-technology-infused-teacher-preparation-programs
  • Trevisan, O., DeRossi, M., Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2022). Multinational perspectives on Covid-19 challenges: Faculty responses to distance education in Italy and the USA. Open and Interdisciplinary Journal of Technology, Culture and Education. 17 (2) 29-46. Bari, Progedit, Via De Cesare. https://www.ckbg.org/qwerty/index.php/qwerty/issue/view/48
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2022). Impacting culturally responsive teaching strategies by decreasing bias through simulation experiences. 7 (2) Padova, Excellence and Innovation in Teaching and Learning Journal. https://journals.francoangeli.it/index.php/exioa
  • Christensen, R.R., Trevisan, O. (2022). Alignment of the Synthesis of Quality Data (SQD) Model, Technology Self-Efficacy and TPACK Core Measures in Preparing Pre-Service Teachers to Integrate Technology. Digital Pedagogy. 1-20. Routledge Open Research. https://routledgeopenresearch.org/articles/1-20
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R. (2022). Strategies for developing digital competencies in teachers: Towards a multidimensional Synthesis of Qualitative Data (SQD) survey. Computers & Education.
  • Knezek, G., Gibson, D., Christensen, R., Trevisan, O., Carter, M. (2022). Assessing approaches to learning with nonparametric multidimensional scaling. British Journal of Educational Technology. British Educational Research Assoc. Special Issue (00) 1-16. London, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2022). Developing an Innovation Attitude Survey for Middle School Students. Journal of Technology in Education. 33 (3) 21-39. Virginia, International Technology and Engineering Education Association. https://jte-journal.org/articles/abstract/10.21061/jte.v33i2.a.2/
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2021). Maggie goes to Mars: Adapting innovative technology activities for remote learning opportunities. The Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. 40 (4) 341-346. AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Hodges, C., Spector, J.M. (2021). A Framework for Classifying Replication Studies in Educational Technologies Research. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. 26 (3) 35. Springer.
  • Tondeur, J., Petko, D., Christensen, R., Drossel, K., Starkey, L., Knezek, G.A., , D.S. (2021). Quality criteria for conceptual technology integration models in education: Bridging research and practice.. Educational Technology Research and Development. 69 2187-2208. Springer.
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R., Ng, C. (2020). Inspiring STEM engagement: Space science education in the 21st century. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. 39 (4) 285-290.
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2020). Project-based learning for middle school students monitoring standby power: Replication of impact on stem knowledge and dispositions. Educational Technology Research and Development. 68 (1) 137-162.
  • Knezek, G.A., Christensen, R. (2020). Researching impact: Measuring technology enhanced outcomes from the NASA Space Science Education Consortium. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. 39 (4) 399-420.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G.A. (2020). Connecting students to Mars and stars using innovative technologies. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. (3) 181-192. Charlottesville, VA, AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Alexander, C. (2020). Preparing K-12 Schools for a Pandemic Before It Occurs. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education. 28 (2) 261-272. Charlottesville, VA, AACE.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2020). Indicators of middle school students’ mathematics enjoyment and confidence. School Science and Mathematics. 120 (8) 491-503. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley.
  • Alexander, C., Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Tyler-Wood, T. (2019). Piloting innovative learning experiences: Outcomes of digital fabrication activities across five classrooms. The Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. 38 (2) 115-152. Charlottesville, VA, AACE.
  • Christensen, R.R., Eichhorn, K., Prestridge, S., Petko, D., Baker, R., Sligte, H., , Alayyar, G., Knezek, G. (2018). Supporting learning leaders for the integration of technology for effective instruction. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. 23 (3) 457-472. Springer.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2018). Impact of middle school student project-based energy monitoring activities on climate change beliefs and intentions. School Science and Mathematics. 118 (1) 43-52. ssma.org
  • Burrows, A., Garofalo, J., Barbato, S., Christensen, R.R., Grant, M., Kinshuk, X., Parrish, J., Thomas, C., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2017). Editorial: CITE Journal Science Education. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education. 17 (4)
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2017). Validating a mobile learning readiness survey: Assessing teachers’ dispositions toward adoption.. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education. 33 (4) ISTE.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2017). Readiness for integrating mobile learning in the classroom: Challenges, preferences and possibilities. Computers in Human Behavior. 76 112-121.
  • Christensen, R., Knezek, G. (2017). Relationship of middle school student STEM interest to career intent.. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health. 3 (1) 1-13. http://www.jeseh.net/index.php/jeseh
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2017). Validating the Technology Proficiency Self-Assessment Questionnaire for 21st Century Learning (TPSA C-21). Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education. 33 (1) 20-31. Informa UK Limited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2016.1242391
  • Law, N., Niederhauser, D., Christensen, R., Shear, L. (2016). A multilevel system of quality technology-enhanced learning and teaching indicators. Educational Technology & Society. 19 (3) 72-83.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2016). Extending the will, skill, tool model of technology integration: adding pedagogy as a new model construct. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. 28 (3) 307-325. Springer Nature. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12528-016-9120-2
  • Peterman, K., Kermish-Allen, R., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2016). Measuring Student Career Interest within the Context of Technology-Enhanced STEM Projects: a Cross-Project Comparison Study Based on the Career Interest Questionnaire. Journal of Science Education and Technology. 25 (6) 846-846. Springer Nature. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10956-016-9664-y
  • Stadish, N., Christensen, R., Knezek, G., Kjellstrom, W., Bredder, E. (2016). The Effects of an Engineering Design Module on Student Learning in a Middle School Science Classroom. International Journal of Learning Technology. 15 (6) 156-174.
  • Khaddage, F., Christensen, R.R., Lai, W., Knezek, G., Norris, C.A., E, S. (2015). A model driven framework to address challenges in a mobile learning environment. Education and Information Technologies. 20 (4) 625-640.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2015). Alignment of hands-on STEM engagement activities with positive STEM dispositions in secondary school students. Journal of Science Education and Technology. 24 (6) 898-909.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2015). Gender differences in high school dispositions toward science, technology, engineering and mathematics careers. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. 34 (4) 395-408.
  • Tyler-Wood, T.L., Estes, M.B., Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G., Gibson, D. (2015). SimSchool: An opportunity for using serious gaming for training teachers in rural areas. Rural Special Education Quarterly. 34 (3) 17-20.
  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G. (2014). Comparative measures of grit, tenacity and perseverance. 8 (1) 16-30. Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L., Gibson , D. (2014). Longitudinal Analysis of Cognitive Constructs Fostered by STEM Activities in Middle School Students. 6 (2) 103-122. Knowledge Management and ELearning.
  • Tyler-Wood, T.L., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Morales, R., Dunn-Rankin , P. (2014). Scaling three versions of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test: Examining ceiling effects for identifying giftedness. Educational Research. 5 (2) 42-51. Educational Research.
  • Alexander , C., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L., Bull , G. (2014). The impact project-based learning on pre-service teachers’ attitudes and skills. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching. 33 (3) 257-282.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R., Tyler-Wood, T., & Periathiruvadi, S. (2013). Impact of Environmental Power Monitoring Activities on Middle School Student Perceptions of STEM. Other. 24 (1) 98-123.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L., Periathiruvadi, S. (2013). Impact of environmental power monitoring activities on middle school student perceptions of STEM.. 21 (1) 98-123. Science Education International.
  • Gibson, D., Osterweil, S., Zintgraff, C., Fisser, P., Wood, T., Knezek, G. & Christensen, R. (2012). Next Generation Learning Challenges EDUCAUSE Winners Panel.
  • Rhonda Christensen, Gerald Knezek, Tandra Tyler-Wood, David Gibson. (2011). An online dynamic simulator for enhancing teacher preparation.
  • Knezek, Christensen, Tyler-Wood. (2011). Contrasting perceptions of STEM content and careers. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education. 11 (1) http://www.citejournal.org/vol11/iss1/general/article1.cfm
  • Shattuck, Corbell, Osborne, Knezek, Christensen, Grable. (2011). Measuring teacher attitudes toward instructional technology: A confirmatory factor analysis of the TAT and TAC. Computers in the Schools. 28 (4) 291-315.
  • Tyler-Wood, Knezek, Christensen. (2010). Instruments for assessing interest in STEM content and careers.

    • Other

  • Furuta, T., Fujiki, M., Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2018). Assessing Motivations for Learning Informatics and Possible Influences of Parents' Interests in Technology among Japanese Junior High Students. 927-931. Charlottesville, Virginia, AACE.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R. (2018). Capitalizing on Informal Learning Opportunities to Enhance Formal Learning in Classroom Environments. Other. 1865-1871. Charlottesville, Virginia, AACE.
  • Knezek, G., Christensen, R.R., Tyler-Wood, T.L. (2016). Replication of Impact of Energy Monitoring Activities on Middle School STEM Dispositions.

    • Poster

  • Christensen, R.R., Knezek, G., Kelley, J. (2022). Using reflection and feedback in a simulated teaching environment to improve instruction for differentiated learners. In T. Bastiaens (Ed.), Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate Learning. 726-730. Waynesville, NC, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).

Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research

    Contract

  • Knezek, G.A. (Principal), Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), "Research & Evaluation for Hawaii STEAMER Project," sponsored by Hawaii State Governor's Incentive Fund, State, $10000 Funded. (2021 - 2022).
  • Knezek, G.A. (Principal), Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), "STEM Pre-Academy Research and Evaluation," sponsored by Research Corporation Univ. of Hawaii, State, $15000 Funded. (2021 - 2022).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), "Hawaii STEM Pre-Academy," sponsored by University of Hawaii Monoa, State, $130000 Funded. (2019 - 2021).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), "Hawaii STEM Pre-Academy," sponsored by Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, State, $50000 Funded. (2017 - 2018).
  • Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Knezek, G. (Principal), Tyler-Wood, T. (Co-Principal), "Hawaii STEM Pre-Academy," sponsored by University of Hawaii, State, $269600 Funded. (2014 - 2017).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), "Hawaii STEM Pre-Academy," sponsored by University of Hawaii Monoa, State, Funded. (2019 - 2021).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), "Hawaii STEM Pre-Academy," sponsored by Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, State, Funded. (2017 - 2018).
  • Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), Knezek, G. (Principal), Tyler-Wood, T. (Co-Principal), "Hawaii STEM Pre-Academy," sponsored by University of Hawaii, State, Funded. (2014 - 2017).

    • Grant - Research

  • Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Knezek, G. (Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "Heliophysics Education Activation Team (HEAT)," sponsored by National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA), Federal, $320000 Funded. (2021 - 2022).
  • Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Knezek, G. (Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "Heliophysics Education Consortium: Through the Eyes of NASA to the Hearts and Minds of the Nation," sponsored by National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA), Federal, $1230583 Funded. (2016 - 2021).
  • Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Knezek, G. (Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "Going Green! Middle Schoolers Out to Save the World," sponsored by National Science Foundation, Federal, $1993527 Funded. (2010 - 2014).
  • Knezek, G. (Co-Principal), Christensen, R.R. (Principal), "Improving Student Learning While Decreasing Bias in Teaching Through Simulation," sponsored by National Science Foundation, FED, Funded. (2021 - 2024).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), "Single Source - University of North Texas Professional Development Dissemination Collaboration," sponsored by National Aeronautics & Space Administrat, FED, Funded. (2021 - 2022).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), "Research and Evaluation for Hawaii STEM Pre-Academy," sponsored by Research Corporation of the Univesrity o, OG, Funded. (2019 - 2022).
  • Christensen, R. (Co-Principal), Knezek, G.A. (Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "Heliophysics Education Consortium: Through the Eyes of NASA to the Hearts and Minds of the Nation," sponsored by National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA), Federal, Funded. (2016 - 2021).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "NASA STEM Research," sponsored by National Aeronautics & Space Administrat, FED, Funded. (2016 - 2021).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "Going Green! Middle Schoolers Out to Save the World (MSOSW)," sponsored by National Science Foundation, FED, Funded. (2013 - 2019).
  • Knezek, G. (Co-Principal), Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Principal), "Strategies: Collaborative Research: American Innovations in an Age of Discovery: Teaching Science and Engineering through 3D-printed Historical Reconstructions," sponsored by National Science Foundation, FED, Funded. (2015 - 2019).
  • Knezek, G. (Principal), Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "Research and Evaluation for Hawaii FIRST (Fostering Inspiration and Relevance through Science and Technology)," sponsored by University of Hawaii, NFP, Funded. (2014 - 2018).
  • Christensen, R.R. (Co-Principal), Knezek, G.A. (Principal), Tyler-Wood, T.L. (Co-Principal), "Going Green! Middle Schoolers Out to Save the World," sponsored by National Science Foundation, Federal, Funded. (2010 - 2014).

    • Grant - Teaching

  • Christensen, R.R., "Fulbright Senior Specialist," sponsored by Fulbright, Private, $9000 Funded. (2017 - 2018).
  • Christensen, R., "Fulbright Senior Specialist," sponsored by Fulbright, Private, Funded. (2017 - 2018).

    • Sponsored Research

  • Christensen, R. (Principal), Knezek, G. (Co-Principal), "simEquity: Improving student learning while decreasing bias in teaching through simulation," sponsored by National Science Foundation, Federal, $840166 Funded. (2021 - 2024).
,
Overall
Summative Rating		 Challenge and
Engagement Index		 Response Rate

out of 5
out of 7		 %
of
students responded
  • Overall Summative Rating (median):
    This rating represents the combined responses of students to the four global summative items and is presented to provide an overall index of the class’s quality. Overall summative statements include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 5 = Excellent, 3 = Good, and 1= Very poor):
    • The course as a whole was
    • The course content was
    • The instructor’s contribution to the course was
    • The instructor’s effectiveness in teaching the subject matter was
  • Challenge and Engagement Index:
    This rating combines student responses to several SPOT items relating to how academically challenging students found the course to be and how engaged they were. Challenge and Engagement Index items include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 7 = Much higher, 4 = Average, and 1 = Much lower):
    • Do you expect your grade in this course to be
    • The intellectual challenge presented was
    • The amount of effort you put into this course was
    • The amount of effort to succeed in this course was
    • Your involvement in course (doing assignments, attending classes, etc.) was
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