Faculty Profile

Richard Ruderman

Title
Associate Professor
Department
Political Science
College
College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences

    

    

      


                          

            
Curriculum Vitae

            

              Click Here to View Faculty CV
            

          

        
                          

            
Education

            



  

  


  
MA, University of Chicago, 1990. 
Major: Committee on Social Thought
PhD, University of Chicago, 1990. 
Major: Social Thought
Degree Specialization: Political Philosophy
Dissertation Title: Sufficient Justice: Xenophon's Anabasis and the Classical View of Ruling.
BA, University of Toronto, 1980. 
Major: Political Science





          

        
                

          
Current Scheduled Teaching*


          
PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: The State and its Critics, Summer 2024 
PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Quest for Justice, Spring 2024 Syllabus
PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Spring 2024 
PSCI 4330.002, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2024 Syllabus
PSCI 6310.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2024 


          
*
  Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of
  higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for
  undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.
  

        

      

    

  


    

    

      


        


          


            
Previous Scheduled Teaching*


            
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Fall 2023 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5900.004, Special Problems, Fall 2023 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.004, Special Problems, Fall 2023 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2023 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.902, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 5W1 2023 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2316.002, Honors US and Texas Constitutions and Institutions, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Quest for Justice, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 4333.001, Politics and Socratic Self Knowledge, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 6310.002, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2023  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: The State and its Critics, Fall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 6900.004, Special Problems, Fall 2022 
                    

                    PSCI 2305.002, US Political Behavior and Policy, Fall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Spring 2022 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.004, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3310.002, Political Theory: Quest for Justice, Fall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 4900.727, Special Problems, Fall 2021  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 6310.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2021 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.001, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 5W2 2021 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.801, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 5W2 2021 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3320.002, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2021 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2021 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5310.600, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2021  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3310.002, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5900.701, Special Problems, Fall 2020  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.001, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 5W2 2020 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.801, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 5W2 2020  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 4952.001, Political Science Capstone Seminar, Spring 2020 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 6900.700, Special Problems, Spring 2020 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Spring 2020 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.002, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2020 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.007, US Political Behavior and Policy, Fall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.001, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 5W2 2019 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.801, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 5W2 2019 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 1010.001, Politics and Pop Culture, Spring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 6900.725, Special Problems, Fall 2018 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5350.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2018  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 2305.001, US Political Behavior and Policy, Summer 3W1 2018 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 4952.001, Political Science Capstone Seminar, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2017 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2017 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5350.002, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2017  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 1050.001, American Government: Process and Policies, Summer 5W2 2017 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3320.002, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2017 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2017  SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Spring 2017 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2017 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2016 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Fall 2016 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2016 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 1050.001, American Government: Process and Policies, Summer 3W1 2016 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2016 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 4330.002, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2016 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 1050.001, American Government: Process and Policies, Summer 5W1 2015 Syllabus SPOT
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 5W1 2015 
                    

                    PSCI 6930.701, Individual Research, Spring 2015 
                    

                    PSCI 1010.001, Politics and Pop Culture, Spring 2015 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2015 
                    

                    PSCI 5310.600, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2015 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.002, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2015 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 1051.001, Honors American Government, Fall 2014 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2014 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 10W 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W1 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 5W2 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 10W 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 5W1 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 6930.701, Individual Research, Spring 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.751, Master's Thesis, Spring 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Spring 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2014 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 5350.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2014 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6930.701, Individual Research, Fall 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Fall 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Fall 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 5350.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W1 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 10W 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 10W 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 5W1 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 5W2 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.751, Master's Thesis, Spring 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6940.701, Practicum, Spring 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2013 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6930.701, Individual Research, Fall 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Fall 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2012 Syllabus
                    

                    PSCI 5350.002, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W2 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W1 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 5W1 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.753, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.751, Master's Thesis, Spring 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 3320.002, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6940.701, Practicum, Spring 2012 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Fall 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 5350.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 10W 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W1 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 10W 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.751, Master's Thesis, Spring 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.701, Special Problems, Spring 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2011 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.751, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 6930.723, Individual Research, Fall 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Fall 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 5350.002, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 6950.080, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 10W 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 5950.080, Master's Thesis, Summer 10W 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 1060.001, American Government: Topics, Spring 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 5900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2010 
                    

                    PSCI 1040.006, American Government: Laws and Institutions, Fall 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 6930.725, Individual Research, Fall 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 3310.002, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 6940.725, Practicum, Fall 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 4900.727, Special Problems, Fall 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 5350.002, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 1040.001, American Government: Laws and Institutions, Summer 5W2 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 5900.718, Special Problems, Summer 10W 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 6930.717, Individual Research, Spring 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 3320.002, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 5900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 1085.001, The American Political and Economic Experience, Spring 2009 
                    

                    PSCI 1040.010, American Government: Laws and Institutions, Fall 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 5900.719, Special Problems, Fall 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.719, Special Problems, Fall 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 1040.001, American Government: Laws and Institutions, Summer 5W2 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 3320.002, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Spring 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 6940.717, Practicum, Spring 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2008 
                    

                    PSCI 3310.001, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 4900.719, Special Problems, Fall 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 5350.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 1040.002, American Government: Laws and Institutions, Summer 5W1 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 1040.006, American Government: Laws and Institutions, Spring 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 5900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2007 
                    

                    PSCI 5900.719, Special Problems, Fall 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.719, Special Problems, Fall 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 1085.001, The American Political and Economic Experience, Fall 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 4320.001, American Political Theory, Summer 3W1 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 1051.001, Honors American Government, Spring 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 5900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.719, Special Problems, Spring 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Spring 2006 
                    

                    PSCI 3310.002, Political Theory: Socrates to the Eighteenth Century, Fall 2005 
                    

                    PSCI 4900.715, Special Problems, Fall 2005 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.715, Special Problems, Fall 2005 
                    

                    PSCI 5350.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2005 
                    

                    PSCI 3320.001, Political Theory: Eighteenth Century to the Present, Spring 2005 
                    

                    PSCI 5310.001, Proseminar in Political Theory, Spring 2005 
                    

                    PSCI 4900.713, Special Problems, Spring 2005 
                    

                    PSCI 6900.715, Special Problems, Fall 2004 
                    

                    PSCI 4330.001, Topics in Political Theory, Fall 2004 

          


          
*
  Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of
  higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for
  undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.
  

        

      

    

  

  
  	

	

	  

		

		   
Published Publications



  

  
Published Intellectual Contributions


  
Book
Ruderman, R. S., Yaffe, M. D. (2014). Reorientation: Leo Strauss in the 1930's. http://www.amazon.com/Reorientation-Strauss-Recovering-Political-Philosophy/dp/1137374233/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1409073127&sr=8-1&keywords=reorientation+leo+strauss
Book Chapter
Ruderman, R. S. (2024). A Socratic Middle Road Between Virtue and Vice. Governing Oneself and Others: On Xenophon of Athens. Mercer University Press. 
Ruderman, R. S. (2021). Plato on the Tyrannical Temptation. Liberty, Democracy, and the Temptations to Tyranny in the Dialogues of Plato, ed. Charlotte C.S. Thomas, Mercer University Press, 2021. 20. Mercer University Press. 
Ruderman, R. S. (2018). "'Proclaim Liberty Throughout the Land': William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Abolition of Slavery.". History of American Political Thought. 2nd edition. Edited by Bryan-Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga. (2nd edition), . Lexington Books. 
Marks, J.  (2016). Practice and Principle in Ancient Statesmanship. Prudence and Principle: Essays in Honor of Nathan Tarcov.  Lanham, MD: Lexington Press. 
Burns, T. W., (2015). "'Through the Keyhole': Leo Strauss's Rediscovery of Classical Political Philosophy in Xenophon's Constitution of the Lacedaemonians". Brill's Companion to Leo Strauss's Writings on Classical Political Thought.  Leiden: Brill Publishers. http://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/brills-companion-leo-strauss-writings-classical-political-thought
Ruderman, R. S. (2015). "On Leo Strauss's Presentation of Xenophon's Political Philosophy in "The Problem of Socrates". Brill's Companion to Leo Strauss's Writings on Classical Political Thought.  Leiden: Brill Publishers. http://www.brill.com/products/reference-work/brills-companion-leo-strauss-writings-classical-political-thought
Ruderman, R. S. (2012). "A Slingshot Recoils: The Critique of Philosophy in Halevi's Kuzari ." In The Recovery of Political Rationalism: Essays in Honor of Thomas L. Pangle , ed. Timothy Burns (Lexington Press, 2011). . The Recovery of Classical PoliticalRationalism: Essays in Honor of Thomas L. Pangle.  Lanham, MD: Lexington Press. 
Ruderman, R. S. (2003). "'Proclaim Liberty Throughout the Land': William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and the Abolition of Slavery." In History of American Political Thought. Edited by Bryan-Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga. 
Ruderman, R. S. (2002). "Political Judgment in Dark Times: Frederick Douglass and Slavery." In 'Phronesis': Studies in the Nature and Scope of Prudential Leadership." Edited by Ethan Fishman. 
Ruderman, R. S. (1995). "Leadership." In The Encyclopedia of Democracy. Edited by Seymour Martin Lipset. 
Ruderman, R. S. (1995). "Love and Friendship in Homer's Odyssey." In Political Philosophy and the Human Soul: Essays in Honor of Allan Bloom. Edited by Michael Palmer and Thomas L. Pangle. 
Ruderman, R. S. (1992). "The Rule of a Philosopher-King: Xenophon's Anabasis." In Politikos II: Educating the Ambitious. Edited by Leslie G. Rubin. 
Book Review
Ruderman, R. S. (2017). The Longing that Dares Not Speak Its Name. Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy. 43(3), 513-519. http://www.interpretationjournal.com/backissues/Vol_43_3.pdf
Ruderman, R. S. (1997). Review of Peter J. Ahrensdorf's The Death of Socrates and the Life of Philosophy.. 
Ruderman, R. S. (1992). Review of Zdravko Planinc's Platonic Political Philosophy.. 
Journal Article
Ruderman, R. S. (2022). "'A Sacred Effort': Lincoln's Second Inaugural and the Problem of Justice". American Journal of Political Science. 
Ruderman, R. S. (2012). "Statesmanship Reconsidered". Perspectives on Political Science. 41(2), . 
Ruderman, R. S. (2000). "Liberalism and Parental Control of Education". 
Ruderman, R. S. (1999). "Odysseus and the Possibility of Enlightenment.". American Journal of Political Science. 
Ruderman, R. S. (1998). "Liberal Equity in Education: A Comparison of Choice Options," along with a response to critics: "Equity, Diversity, and Tolerance in Education.". 
Ruderman, R. S. (1997). "Democracy and the Problem of Statesmanship.". 
Ruderman, R. S. (1997). "Aristotle and the Recovery of Political Judgment.". American Political Science Review. 



	
		
		
	  

	

	

  
    
	

	

	  

		

		   
Awarded Grants



  
  
  	  
          
Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research  

 	 
	 	 
  
Grant - Research   
Ruderman, R. S. (Principal), "Support for hosting Lone Star Theory Group meeting (March 2019)," Sponsored by Office of Research and Innovation, University of North Texas, $720.00 Funded. (November 28, 2018 – March 2, 2019).
Ruderman, R. S. (Principal), "Research and Creativity Award," Sponsored by University of North Texas, University of North Texas, $3500 Funded. (2009 – 2010).
Grant - Service   
Borck, C. A. (Co-Principal), Duff, A. S. (Co-Principal), Ruderman, R. (Co-Principal), Major, R. (Co-Principal), "Constitutionalism and Democracy Forum," Sponsored by Jack Miller Foundation, National, $10000 Funded. (August 2021 – May 2022).



	
		
		
	  

	

	

	
	

  
  
  

  	

		

		,  
			
				

					
					Overall
Summative Rating		
					Challenge and
Engagement Index		
					Response Rate
					
				

			
			
				

					
					
out of 5		
					
out of 7		
					%
 of 
students responded		
					
					
				

			
		


		
    
			
  • Overall Summative Rating (median):
    
			This rating represents the combined responses of students to the four global summative items and is presented to provide an overall index of the class’s quality. Overall summative statements include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 5 = Excellent, 3 = Good, and 1= Very poor):
				
      
					
    • The course as a whole was
      • 
					
    • The course content was
      • 
					
    • The instructor’s contribution to the course was
      • 
					
    • The instructor’s effectiveness in teaching the subject matter was
      • 
				
    
			
    • 
			
  • Challenge and Engagement Index:
    
			This rating combines student responses to several SPOT items relating to how academically challenging students found the course to be and how engaged they were. Challenge and Engagement Index items include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 7 = Much higher, 4 = Average, and 1 = Much lower):
				
      
					
    • Do you expect your grade in this course to be
      • 
					
    • The intellectual challenge presented was
      • 
					
    • The amount of effort you put into this course was
      • 
					
    • The amount of effort to succeed in this course was
      • 
					
    • Your involvement in course (doing assignments, attending classes, etc.) was
      • 
				
    
			
    • 
		

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