William J. Scarborough

Previous Scheduled Teaching

Published Intellectual Contributions

Academic Blog

• Scarborough, W., Sin, R. (2020). Local Gender Norms Across the United States. Gender & Society Journal Blog. https://gendersociety.wordpress.com/2020/09/03/local-gender-norms-across-the-united-states/
• Scarborough, W., Lambouths, D., Holbrook, A. (2019). Diversity policies: how workers feel about them and why. Work in Progress: Sociology on the economy, work and inequality. http://www.wipsociology.org/2019/10/07/diversity-policies-how-workers-feel-about-them-and-why/#more-1794

Academic Blog for Journal

• Scarborough, W. (2020). What is Publons and why do they keep e-mailing after I review a paper?. https://gendersociety.wordpress.com/2020/04/15/what-is-publons-and-why-do-they-keep-e-mailing-after-i-review-a-paper/

Book

• Scarborough, W. (2023). Gendered Places: The Landscape of Local Gender Norms Across the United States. Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press. https://tupress.temple.edu/books/gendered-places
• Risman, B.J., Froyum, C., Scarborough, W. (2018). Handbook of the Sociology of Gender, 2nd Edition.

Book Chapter

• Moeder, J., Scarborough, W.J. (2024). Mapping the Dimensions of Local Gender Norms. Research Handbook on the Sociology of Gender edited by Gayle Kaufman, Michael Strambolis, Steven Roberts, and Brittany Ralph. Elgar Press.. Research Handbook on the Sociology of Gender
• Moeder, J.E., Scarborough, W.J., Kaufman, G., Stambolis-Ruhstorfer, M., Roberts, S. (2024). Mapping the Dimensions of Local Gender Norms. Research Handbook on the Sociology of Gender. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Via, E., Rodriguez, D.G., Jackson, N., Risman, B., Scarborough, W.J. (2023). Beyond Sons and Daughters: Nonbinary Experiences with Family. Families as They Really Are, edited by Virginia Rutter, Kristi Williams, and Barbara Risman. Norton Press. https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324059929/about-the-book/table-of-contents
• Scarborough, W.J., Pepin, J. (2023). In Other Words: People Are Not as Consistent in Their Social Ideologies as We Think: Changing Views on Gender and Race, 1977–2018. Families as They Really Are, edited by Virginia E. Rutter, Kristi Williams, and Barbara Risman.
• Scarborough, W., Holbrook, A. (2022). Surveying the Social Landscape. Social Research Methods: Sociology in Action!. Washington, DC, Sage.
• Scarborough, W., Fessenden, D.J., Sin, R. (2021). Convergence or Divergence? The Generational Gap in Gender Attitudes, 1977-2018. Advances in Gender Research: Gender and Generations. 30 73-94.
• Scarborough, W., Risman, B. (2020). Gender Studies. Companion to Women's and Gender Studies. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell.
• Scarborough, W., Risman, B. (2018). Gender Inequality. The Cambridge Handbook of Social Problems edited by A. Javier Treviño.
• Scarborough, W. (2018). New Developments in Gender Research: Multidimensional Frameworks, Intersectionality, and Thinking Beyond the Binary. The Springer Handbook of the Sociology of Gender edited by Barbara J. Risman, Carissa Froyum, and William J. Scarborough. Springer Press.

Book Review

• Scarborough, W.J. (2024). Childcare Provision in Neoliberal Times: The Marketization of Care. Contemporary Sociology.
• Scarborough, W.J. (2022). Book Review: The New Gender Paradox: Fragmentation and Persistence of the Binary. Social Forces.
• Scarborough, W. (2021). Book Review: Fixing Parental Leave: The Six Month Solution. Political Science Quarterly. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/polq.13225
• Scarborough, W. (2016). Book Review: Changing Contours of Work: Jobs and Opportunities in the New Economy, 3rd Edition, by Stephen Sweet and Peter Meiksins. Teaching Sociology.
• Scarborough, W. (2016). Book Review: Service Sociology and Academic Engagement in Social Problems, edited by Javier Treviño. Teaching Sociology.

Conference Proceeding

• Krahmer, A.J., Scarborough, W.J., Fisher, S.L. Using Digitized Historical Texas Newspapers to Engage Sociology Students in Local History. International Federation of Library Associations - IFLA Local History and Genealogy Section - Satellite Meeting Leuven 2023. https://repository.ifla.org/handle/123456789/2795

Journal Article

• Kwon, R., Scarborough, W., Gallardo, R. (2024). Configurations of attitudes towards immigration in Europe: Evidence of polarization, ambivalence, and multidimensionality.. Comparative Migration Studies. 12 (25)
• Scarborough, W.J., Collins, C., Landivar, L.C., Ruppanner, L., Huffman, M.L. (2023). COVID-19 and the Role of Gender, Earnings, and Telecommuting in Parents’ Employment. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 85 (5) 1007-1027.
• Landivar, L.C., Scarborough, W.J., , L., Collins, C., Rouse, L. (2023). Remote Schooling and Mothers’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic by Race, Education, and Marital Status. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences. 9 (3) 134-158.
• Scarborough, W.J., Sobering, K.E., Kwon, R., Mumtaz, M. (2023). The Costs of Occupational Gender Segregation in High-Tech Growth and Productivity Across U.S. Local Labor Markets. Socio-Economic Review. https://academic.oup.com/ser/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ser/mwab036/6318727?redirectedFrom=fulltext
• Kwon, R., Scarborough, W., Taylor, C. (2023). Multidimensional Attitudes: Homonationalist and Selective Tolerance Toward Homosexuality and Muslim Migration across 21 Countries. Ethnicities. 23 (2) 331-366.
• Scarborough, W., Moeder, J. (2022). Culture's Gendered Consequences: The Relationship Between Labor Market Cultural Conditions and the Gender Wage Gap. Social Currents. 9 (6) 526-557.
• Landivar, C., Scarborough, W., Ruppanner, L., Collins, C. (2022). Do High Childcare Costs and Low Access to Head Start and Childcare Subsidies Limit Mothers' Employment? A State-Level Analysis. Social Science Research. 102 1-16.
• Kwon, R., Scarborough, W., Faglie, T. (2022). Exclusionary attitudes toward immigrants: Globalization and configurations of ascribed and achieved status across 14 European countries. The International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 63 (4) 155-183.
• Ruppanner, L., Caitlyn, C., Landivar, L.C., Scarborough, W., (Equal Author). (2021). How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States?. Gender & Society. 36 (6) 910-939.
• Scarborough, W.J., Helmuth, A.S. (2021). "How Cultural Environments Shape online Sentiment toward Social Movements: Place Character and Support for Feminism". Sociological Forum. 36 (2) 426-447. Wiley. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/socf.12686
• Landivar, L.C., Ruppanner, L., Rouse, L., Scarborough, W., Collins, C. (2021). Research Note: School Reopenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Implications for Gender and Racial Equity. Demography. 59 (1) 1-12.
• Scarborough, W., Pepin, J.R., Lambouths III, D.L., Kwon, R., Monasterio, R. (2021). The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018. American Sociological Review. 86 (5) 823-855.
• Scarborough, W.J., Helmuth, A.S. (2021). How Cultural Environments Shape Online Sentiment Toward Social Movements: Place Character and Support for Feminism. Sociological Forum. 36 (2) 426-447.
• Scarborough, W.J., Crabbe, R. (2021). Place Brands Across U.S. Cities and Growth in Local High-Technology Sectors. Journal of Business Research. 130 70-85.
• Collins, C., Ruppanner, L., Ruppanner, L., Scarborough (equal authorship), W.J., , (. (2021). The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Gender & Society. 35 (2) 180-193.
• Landivar, L.C., Ruppanner, L., Scarborough, W. (2021). Are States Created Equal? Moving to a Less Expensive Childcare State Increases Mothers’ Odds of Employment. Demography. 58 (2) 451-470.
• Ruppanner, L., Tan, X., Scarborough, W., Landivar, L.C., Collins, C. (2021). Shifting Inequalities? Parents’ Sleep, Anxiety, and Calm during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia and the United States. Men and Masculinities. 24 (1) 181-188.
• Collins, C., Landivar, L.C., Ruppanner, L., Scarborough (equal authorship), W. (2021). COVID-19 and the Gender Gap in Work Hours. Gender, Work & Organization. 28 (S1) 101-112.
• Scarborough, W., Collins, C., Ruppanner, L., Landivar, L.C. (2021). Head Start and Families’ Recovery from Economic Recession: Policy Recommendations for COVID-19. Family Relations. 70 (1) 26-42.
• Scarborough, W., Sin, R. (2020). Gendered Places: The Dimensions of Local Gender Norms Across the United States. Gender & Society. 34 (5) 705-735. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0891243220948220
• Landivar, L.C., Ruappanner, L., Scarborough, W., Collins, C. (2020). Early Signs Indicate COVID-19 is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force. Socius. American Sociological Association.
• Scarborough, W. (2020). Occupational gender segregation and economic growth in U.S. local labor markets, 1980 through 2010. PLOS One. 15 (1) 1-21.
• Scarborough, W., Holbrook, A. (2020). The Complexity of Policy Preferences: Examining Self-Interest, Group-Interest, and Race Consciousness Across Race and Political Ideology.. Social Justice Research. 33 (1) 110-135.
• Scarborough, W., Sin, R., Risman, B. (2019). Attitudes and the Stalled Gender Revolution: Egalitarianism, Traditionalism, and Ambivalence Between 1977 and 2016. Gender & Society. 33 (2) 173-200. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0891243218809604
• Scarborough, W., Lambouths, D., Holbrook, A. (2019). Attitudes Towards Workplace Diversity Policies: Race, Gender, and Discrimination as a Source of Inequality. Social Science Research. 79 194-201. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17310360
• Scarborough, W. (2019). Choosing Schools, Reproducing Family Inequality? Race, Gender, and the Negotiation of a New Domestic Task. Sociological Quarterly. 60 (1) 46-70.
• Ruehs, E., Pessagno, R., Lovis, R., Scarborough, W., Muniz, M., Cuddy, M., Kass, D. (2018). A Relevant Pedagogy: Outcomes from a High School Sociology Research Practicum. Other.
• Scarborough, W. (2018). Feminist Twitter and Gender Attitudes: Opportunities and Limitations to Using Twitter in the Study of Public Opinion. Socius. 4 American Sociological Association.
• Scarborough, W., Risman, B. (2017). Changes in the Gender Structure: Inequality at the Individual, Interactional, and Macro Dimensions. Sociology Compass. 11 (10) 1-16.
• Scarborough, W. (2017). The [Human Resource Management] Revolution Will Not Be Televised: The Rise and Feminization of Human Resource Management and Labor Force Equity. Social Currents. 4 (5) 448-461.
• Scarborough, W., Risman, B., Meola, C. (2017). Women’s-Group Fishponds in Bangladesh: Using Gender Structure Theory to Examine Changes in the Gender Asset Gap. Socius.

Magazine/Trade Publication

• Landivar, L.C., Scarborough, W.J., Collins, C., Ruppanner, L. (2024). Maternal Employment Drops when Child Care is Expensive and Hard to Find. University of Wisconsin. https://www.irp.wisc.edu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Focus-on-Poverty-39-2.pdf
• Ruppanner, L., Collins, C., Landivar, L.C., Scarborough, W.J. (2023). Being the main breadwinner didn't necessarily keep married mums in work during the pandemic. Other. https://theconversation.com/being-the-main-breadwinner-didnt-necessarily-keep-married-mums-in-work-during-the-pandemic-210897
• Poulos, C.D., Scarborough, W.J., Lewis, A., Arenas, I. (2022). Opinion: A century of data shows who's moving to Chicago, who's leaving—and why. https://www.chicagobusiness.com/opinion/who-leaving-chicago-who-moving-chicago
• Scarborough, W., Pepin, J.R. (2021). People are Not as Consistent in Their Social Ideologies as We Think: Changing Views on Gender and Race, 1977-2018. Council on Contemporary Families. https://contemporaryfamilies.org/changing-views-gender-and-race-1977-to-2018-brief-report/
• Scarborough, W. (2021). Being a Good Dad Means Being an Equal Caregiver. Washington, D.C., New America Think Tank. https://www.newamerica.org/better-life-lab/better-life-lab-experiments/bllx-blogs/being-a-good-dad-means-being-an-equal-caregiver/
• Ruppanner, L., Collins, C., Landviar, L.C., Scarborough, W., Tan, X. (2021). COVID forced Australian fathers to do more at home, but at the same cost mothers have long endured. https://theconversation.com/covid-forced-australian-fathers-to-do-more-at-home-but-at-the-same-cost-mothers-have-long-endured-154834?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=bylinetwitterbutton
• Landivar, L.C., Ruppanner, L., Scarborough, W., Collins, C. (2020). Mothers Bear the Burden of the COVID-19 Economic Crisis with Few Supports. Other. https://thesocietypages.org/ccf/2020/08/11/mothers-bear-the-burden-of-the-covid-19-economic-crisis-with-few-supports/
• Ruppanner, L., Collins, C., Scarborough, W. (2020). COVID-19 is a disaster for mothers’ employment. And no, working from home is not the solution. https://theconversation.com/covid-19-is-a-disaster-for-mothers-employment-and-no-working-from-home-is-not-the-solution-142650
• Ruppanner, L., Churchill, B., Scarborough, W. (2020). Why coronavirus may forever change the way we care within families. Other. https://theconversation.com/why-coronavirus-may-forever-change-the-way-we-care-within-families-134527
• Lambouths, D., Scarborough, W., Holbrook, A. (2019). Who Supports Diversity Policies? It Depends on the Policy. Harvard Business Review.
• Scarborough, W., Lewis, A., Arenas, I. (2018). Asian Americans don’t see same returns on education as whites in Chicago.. (May 23, 2018) Chicago, IL, The Chicago Reporter. https://www.chicagoreporter.com/asian-americans-dont-see-same-returns-on-education-as-whites-in-chicago/
• Scarborough, W., Henricks, K., Lewis, A. (2018). Fifty years later, what the Kerner report tells us about race in Chicago today. (February 26, 2018) Chicago, IL, The Chicago Reporter. https://www.chicagoreporter.com/fifty-years-later-what-the-kerner-report-tells-us-about-race-in-chicago-today/
• Risman, B., Scarborough, W., Sin, R. (2018). Good News! Attitudes Moving Toward Gender Equality: Why Won’t Anyone Listen?. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/gender-questions/201812/good-news-attitudes-moving-toward-gender-equality
• Scarborough, W. (2018). What the Data Says About Women in Management Between 1980 and 2010. Harvard Business Review.
• Risman, B., Sin, R., Scarborough, W. (2017). Millennials: Not Pushing the Envelope, Not Rejecting the Gender Revolution. The Society Pages. https://thesocietypages.org/ccf/2017/04/18/millennials-not-pushing-the-envelope-not-rejecting-the-gender-revolution/
• Risman, B.J., Scarborough, W. (2016). Why There Are No Quick Economic Fixes for Women in Developing Countries. Scholars Strategy Network. https://scholars.org/contribution/why-there-are-no-quick-economic-fixes-women-developing-countries

Newspaper

• Collins, C., Ruppanner, L., Scarborough, W. (2021). Why haven’t U.S. mothers returned to work? The child-care infrastructure they need is still missing.. Washington Post. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/11/08/why-havent-us-mothers-returned-work-child-care-infrastructure-they-need-is-still-missing/
• Scarborough, W., Lewis, A., Walden, A. (2019). The invisibility of Chicago's Native American residents. June 7, 2019 Chicago, IL, Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-native-american-inequity-uic-20190605-story.html

Reprinted Article

• Collins, C., Scarborough, W., , L., Landivar, L.C. (2020). Early Signs Indicate That COVID-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force. The COVID-19 Reader The Science and What It Says About the Social. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/early-signs-indicate-covid-19-exacerbating-gender-inequality-labor-force-linda-christin-landivar-leah-ruppanner-william-scarborough-caitlyn-collins/e/10.4324/9781003141402-22?context=ubx&refId=35f8ddd1-b16d-4e7c-9881-30c3c0313786
• Scarborough, W. (2019). What the Data Say about Women in Management Between 1980 and 2010. Women and Gender: The Latest Research. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business Review Press.

Research Report

• Arenas, I., Scarborough, W.J., Lehmann, A., Brown, K., Lewis, A. (2024). Black Homelessness in Illinois: Structural Drivers of Inequality. 246. https://uofi.box.com/s/owosqr7f4pp3y5csxx4cszymwtk0n1gs
• Scarborough, W.J., Lewis, A.E., Arenas, I. (2022). Shifting Population Trends in Chicago and the Chicago Metro Area. Chicago, IL, MacArthur Foundation.
• Sobering, K., Scarborough, W.J., Kwon, R.C., Mumtaz, M. (2021). Can Gender Equality Spur Tech Growth?. Gender Policy Report. University of Minnesota. https://genderpolicyreport.umn.edu/can-gender-equality-spur-tech-growth/
• Scarborough, W., Arenas, I., Lewis, A. (2020). Between the Great Migration and Growing Exodus: The Future of Black Chicago?.
• Scarborough, W., Kares, F., Arenas, I., Lewis, A. (2019). Adversity and Resiliency for Chicago’s First: The State of Racial Justice for American Indian Chicagoans. Chicago, IL, Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy. https://irrpp.uic.edu/pdf/publications/IRRPP_TheStateOfRacialJusticeForAmericanIndianChicagoansReport.pdf
• Rodriguez, G., Park, E., Washington, D., Arenas, I., Scarborough, W., Lewis, A. (2019). Beyond Evaluatoin: The Role of Trust in Transforming REACH into a Development Tool. Chicago, IL, Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy.
• Scarborough, W., Lewis, A., Arenas, I. (2018). A Tale of Diversity, Disparity, and Discrimination: The State of Racial Justice for Asian American Chicagoans. Chicago, IL, Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy. https://irrpp.uic.edu/pdf/publications/IRRPP_TheStateOfRacialJusticeForAsianAmericanChicagoansReport.pdf

Teaching Resource

• Scarborough, W. (2016). Teaching the Sociological Imagination: Using Actual Lenses to See Personal Troubles as Public Issues.

White Paper

• Ruppanner, L., Scarborough, W., Collins, C., Landivar, L. (2020). Head Start Enrollment is Key to COVID-19 Economic Recovery: Lessons from the Great Recession.
• Scarborough, W., Ruppanner, L. (2019). POLICY BRIEF: What helps American Mothers Stay at Work? Reducing Childcare Costs, Increasing Head Start Enrollment and Lengthening School Days - Evidence from Key States. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/57hnv/

Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research

Contract

• Scarborough, W.J., "Structural Drivers of Latinx Homelessness," sponsored by Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy / Illinois Office to Prevent and End Homelessness, State, $20000 Funded. (2024 - 2024).
• Scarborough, W.J., "Structural Racism and Racial Disparities in Homelessness.," sponsored by Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy / Illinois Office to Prevent and End Homelessness, State, $20000 Funded. (2023 - 2023).
• Scarborough, W. (Co-Principal), Lewis, A. (Co-Principal), Arenas, I. (Co-Principal), "Shifting Population Trends in Chicago and the Chicago Metro Area," sponsored by MacArthur Foundation, Private, $15000 Funded. (2022 - 2022).

Fellowship

• Scarborough, W.J., "Dean’s Scholar Fellowship," Other, $22000 Funded. (2018 - 2019).

Grant - Research

• Risman, B. (Principal), Scarborough, W. (Co-Principal), "Social Identities in the 21st Century," sponsored by National Science Foundation, Federal, $177774 Funded. (2020 - 2023).
• Ruppanner, L. (Co-Principal), Collins, C. (Co-Principal), Landivar, L.C. (Co-Principal), Scarborough, W. (Co-Principal), "COVID-19 and School Closures: The Impact on Mothers’ Employment," sponsored by Russell Sage Foundation, Private, $49909 Funded. (2021 - 2022).
• Scarborough, W. (Principal), "Gendered Places: The Landscape of Local Gender Norms Across the United States," sponsored by University of North Texas, University of North Texas, $5000 Funded. ( - 2022).
• Collins, C., Ruppanner, L., Churchill, B., Scarborough, W.J., "Childcare in Neoliberal Times," sponsored by McDonnell Academy International Symposium: Forces Reshaping the World, Washington University at St. Louis, National, $8748 Funded. (2019 - 2020).
• Scarborough, W.J., Lewis, A., "Racial Wealth Disparities Among the Middle Class in Chicago," Other, $15000 Funded. (2018 - 2020).
• Collins, C. (Co-Principal), Ruppanner, L. (Co-Principal), Scarborough, W. (Co-Principal), Landivar, L.C. (Co-Principal), "Testing Gender Essentialist Myths: Fathers are Inferior Caregivers to Kids," sponsored by Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy, Washington University in St. Louis, National, Funded. (2020 - 2020).
• Scarborough, W.J. (Principal), "Category X: Gender Identities Beyond the Binary - SBP: Social Identities in the 21st Century," sponsored by The Board of Trustees of the University, NFP, Funded. (2020 - 2022).
• Risman, B. (Principal), Scarborough, W. (Co-Principal), "Social Identities in the 21st Century," sponsored by National Science Foundation, Federal, Funded. (2020 - 2022).
• Scarborough, W.J. (Principal), "COVID-19 and School Closures: The Impact on Mothers' Employment," sponsored by University of Melbourne, NFP, Funded. (2021 - 2022).
• Ruppanner, L. (Co-Principal), Collins, C. (Co-Principal), Landivar, L.C. (Co-Principal), Scarborough, W. (Co-Principal), "COVID-19 and School Closures: The Impact on Mothers� Employment," sponsored by Russell Sage Foundation, Private, Funded. (2021).
• Collins, C., Ruppanner, L., Churchill, B., Scarborough, W., "Childcare in Neoliberal Times," sponsored by McDonnell Academy International Symposium: Forces Reshaping the World, Washington University at St. Louis, National, Funded. (2019 - 2020).
• Collins, C. (Co-Principal), Ruppanner, L. (Co-Principal), Scarborough, W. (Co-Principal), Landivar, L.C. (Co-Principal), "Testing Gender Essentialist Myths: Fathers are Inferior Caregivers to Kids," sponsored by Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy, Washington University in St. Louis, National, Funded. (2020 - 2020).