Faculty Profile

Brian Sauser

Brian Sauser

Title
Professor
Department
Logistics and Operations Management
College
College of Business

    

Education

PhD, Stevens Institute of Technology, 2005.
Major: Technology Management
Degree Specialization: Project Management
Dissertation Title: Assessing NASA Strategic Project Leadership in an Era of "Better, Faster, Cheaper"
MS, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 1998.
Major: Bioresource Engineering
Degree Specialization: Horticulture Engineering
Dissertation Title: Modeling the Effects of Air Temperature Perturbations for Control of Tomato Plant Development
BS, Texas A&M University, 1993.
Major: Agriculture Development
Degree Specialization: Horticulture Technology

Current Scheduled Teaching*

LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2024 Syllabus
LSCM 6950.702, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2024
LSCM 6900.704, Special Problems, Spring 2024

* Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.

Previous Scheduled Teaching*

LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2023 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.704, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2023
LSCM 6950.704, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 10W 2023
BUSI 6100.001, Seminar in University Teaching for Business Administration, Summer 10W 2023 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.501, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.702, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2023
LSCM 6600.001, Seminar in Logistics Issues, Spring 2023 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.501, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2022 Syllabus
INDS 3060.501, Complex and Systemic Thinking, Fall 2022 Syllabus
LSCM 6950.704, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2022
LSCM 6001.001, Guidance for Research, Education Effectiveness and Networking Workshop Logistics Systems, Fall 2022 Syllabus SPOT
BUSI 6100.002, Seminar in University Teaching for Business Administration, Summer 10W 2022 SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.501, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 5900.001, Special Problems, Spring 2022 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Summer 5W2 2021 Syllabus SPOT
BUSI 6100.001, Seminar in University Teaching for Business Administration, Summer 10W 2021 SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2021 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.501, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2021 Syllabus
LSCM 6940.701, Individual Research, Spring 2021
LSCM 3960.501, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Spring 2021 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.601, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6940.702, Individual Research, Fall 2020
LSCM 3960.501, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Fall 2020 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.702, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W1 2020
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2020 Syllabus
LSCM 4860.501, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2020 Syllabus
LSCM 6950.709, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2020
LSCM 6940.701, Individual Research, Spring 2020
MGMT 5900.704, Special Problems, Spring 2020
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2019 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6940.702, Individual Research, Fall 2019
LSCM 6900.702, Special Problems, Summer 8W1 2019
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
MKTG 4890.001, Applied Marketing Problems, Spring 2019 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6051.001, Systems Theory and Experimentation, Spring 2019 SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.002, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
MKTG 4890.001, Applied Marketing Problems, Fall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
MKTG 4890.002, Applied Marketing Problems, Fall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.702, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2018
LSCM 4550.001, Logistics Systems Modeling /Simulation, Fall 2018 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.702, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W1 2018
LSCM 6950.706, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W2 2018
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.002, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
MKTG 4890.001, Applied Marketing Problems, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
MKTG 4890.002, Applied Marketing Problems, Spring 2018 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.709, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2018
LSCM 6900.707, Special Problems, Spring 2018
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2017 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.702, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2017
LSCM 4360.001, Global Alliances and International Supply Chain Management, Fall 2017 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6900.702, Special Problems, Fall 2017
LSCM 6940.707, Individual Research, Summer 10W 2017
MKTG 6900.702, Special Problems, Summer 5W2 2017
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2017 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6030.001, Theory of Logistics Systems, Spring 2017 SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2016 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.700, Doctoral Dissertation, Summer 5W1 2016
LSCM 6940.707, Individual Research, Summer 5W2 2016
LSCM 3960.001, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Summer 5W1 2016 Syllabus
LSCM 6900.702, Special Problems, Summer 10W 2016
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2016 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 4860.002, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2016 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.707, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2016
LSCM 4900.702, Special Problems, Spring 2016 Syllabus
LSCM 6030.001, Theory of Logistics Systems, Spring 2016 SPOT
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2015 Syllabus SPOT
LSCM 6950.710, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2015
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2015 Syllabus
LSCM 6950.707, Doctoral Dissertation, Spring 2015
MKTG 4810.701, Special Topics in Marketing or Logistics, Spring 2015 Syllabus
LSCM 6030.001, Theory of Logistics Systems, Spring 2015
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2014 Syllabus
LSCM 6950.710, Doctoral Dissertation, Fall 2014
LSCM 6940.707, Individual Research, Summer 5W2 2014
LSCM 6940.707, Individual Research, Summer 10W 2014
LSCM 6910.707, Special Problems, Summer 5W1 2014
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Spring 2014
LSCM 6900.707, Special Problems, Spring 2014
LSCM 4860.001, Advanced Logistics Management, Fall 2013
LSCM 6900.710, Special Problems, Fall 2013
MKTG 6600.001, Seminar in Marketing Issues, Spring 2013
LSCM 4510.001, Logistics and Business Analysis, Fall 2012
LSCM 5900.701, Special Problems, Fall 2012

* Texas Education Code 51.974 (HB 2504) requires each institution of higher education to make available to the public, a syllabus for undergraduate lecture courses offered for credit by the institution.

Published Publications

Published Intellectual Contributions

Book
Gorod, A., White, B., Ireland, V., Gandhi, J., Sauser, B. (2014). Case Studies in System of Systems, Enterprise Systems, and Complex Systems Engineering. 728. Taylor and Francis/CRC Press.
Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2013). Systemic Thinking: Building Maps for Worlds of Systems. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Sauser, B. (2008). NASA Strategic Project Leadership in an Era of Better, Faster, Cheaper: Striving for Systems Innovation. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.
Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2008). Systems Thinking: Coping with 21st Century Problems. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press.
Book Chapter
Sauser, B. J. (2023). Risk and System Maturity: TRLs and SRLs in Risk Management. Systems Engineering for the Digital Age: Practitioner Perspective. 435-461. Corinth:. 3405 Brookshire Run
White, B., Sauser, B. J., Gorod, A., Gandhi, J., Ireland, V. (2014). Application of Case Studies to Engineering Leadership/Management and Systems Engineering Education. Case Studies in System of Systems, Enterprise Systems, and Complex Systems Engineering. Taylor and Francis/CRC Press.
Gorod, A., Gandhi, J., White, B., Ireland, V., Sauser, B. J. (2014). Modern History of System of Systems, Enterprise, and Complex Systems. Case Studies in System of Systems, Enterprise Systems, and Complex Systems Engineering. Taylor and Francis/CRC Press.
Ireland, V., White, B., Gandhi, J., Sauser, B. J., Gorod, A. (2014). Relevant Aspects of Complex Systems for Complexity Theory. Case Studies in System of Systems, Enterprise Systems, and Complex Systems Engineering. Taylor and Francis/CRC Press.
Erol, O., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2013). Creating Enterprise Flexibility through Service Oriented Architecture. The Flexible Enterprise. Springer.
Epelbaum, S., Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Sauser, B., Fridman, A., Albert, D. P., Dobbs, G. R. (2013). Target Evaluation and Correlation Method (TECM) as an Assessment Approach to Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). Emerging Methods and Multidisciplinary Applications in Geospatial Research. 301-327. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Gandhi, J., Gorod, A., Sauser, B., Springer, (2013). Towards Understanding the Effects of Outsourcing on the Flexibility Dynamic of System of Systems. The Flexible Enterprise. Springer.
Shenhar, A., Sauser, B., Sage, A. P., Rouse, W. R. (2009). Systems Engineering Management: The Multidisciplinary Discipline. Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management, 2nd Edition. 117-154. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Sauser, B., Boardman, J., Gorod, A., Jamshidi, M. (2008). System of Systems Management. System of Systems Engineering: Innovations for the 21st Century. 191-217. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Conference Proceeding
Knaggs, M., Harkreader, D., Unione, A., Oeljke, J., Ramsey, J., Kearns, D., Sauser, B. J., Atwater, B. (2017). Nesting in the Evaluation of System Readiness for Complex Systems of Emerging Technologies. Quebec: IEEE Systems Conference.
John, L., Sauser, B. J., Wade, J. (2016). A Computational Model of Cooperation Dynamics: Sensitivity Analysis. Orlando, FL: IEEE Systems Conference.
Baldwin, C., Sauser, B., Cloutier, R. (2015). Simulation Approaches for System of Systems: Events-based versus Agent Based Modeling. 44, 363-372. Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
White, B., Sauser, B., Gandhi, J., Gorod, A., Ireland, V. (2012). Application of case studies to engineering management and systems engineering education. San Antonio, TX: ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings.
Sarfaraz, M., Sauser, B. (2012). Improving System Maturity Assessment using System Engineering Architectures. St. Louis, MO: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Gorod, A., Gandhi, J., Sauser, B. (2011). A case study: The New York City yellow cab System of Systems. 282. Albuquerque, NM: IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering.
Ross, W., Ulieru, M., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2011). A Multi-Paradigm Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Meta-Organizational Structure: Case Study Emergency Response Operations. Anchorage, Alaska: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.
Gandhi, J., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2011). A systemic approach to managing risks of SoS. 412. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: 2011 IEEE International Systems Conference, SysCon 2011 - Proceedings.
Sauser, B., Tan, W., Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2011). Analysis of Alternatives in System Capability Satisficing for Effective Acquisition. Monterey, CA: Acquisition Research Symposium.
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Li, Q., Baldwin, W., Tortorella, M. (2011). Modeling the Influence of Zeroth Responders on the Resilience of a Transportation System. Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security University Network Summit.
Bayuk, J., Mostashari, A., Sauser, B. (2011). Security Verification and Validation. Los Angeles, CA: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Lasfer, K., Pyster, A., Sauser, B. (2011). The Pre-Kindergarten Learning Enterprise. New Orleans, LA: International Academic Conference.
Li, Q., Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2011). Analyzing the Influence of Zeroth Responders on resilience of the Maritime Port Enterprise. 24. Montreal, Canada: 2011 IEEE International Systems Conference, SysCon 2011 - Proceedings.
Fridman, A., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2010). A quantitative approach to analysis of a system of systems operational boundaries. 655. Moscow, Russia: 2010 International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops, ICUMT 2010.
Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2010). A typology-based approach to adopting effective management styles for enterprise systems. 300. San Diego, CA: 2010 IEEE International Systems Conference Proceedings, SysCon 2010.
Erol, O., Henry, D., Sauser, B. (2010). Measuring Enterprise Resilience: Literature Review and Proposed Methodology. Chicago, IL: International Symposium of the International Council on Systems Engineering.
Sauser, B., Magnaye, R., Tan, W., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Sauser, B. (2010). Optimization of System Maturity and Equivalent System Mass for Exploration Systems Development Planning. Hoboken, NJ: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Erol, O., Henry, D., Sauser, B., Mansouri, M. (2010). Perspectives on measuring enterprise resilience. 587. San Diego, CA: 2010 IEEE International Systems Conference Proceedings, SysCon 2010.
Baldwin, C., Li, Q., Sauser, B., DiMario, M. (2010). Simulating a First Responder Scenario. Hoboken, NJ: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Sauser, B., Tan, W., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Magnaye, R., Nowicki, D. (2010). System Capability Satisficing in Defense Acquisition via Element Importance Measures. Monterey, CA: Acquisition Research Symposium.
Erol, O., Mansouri, M., Sauser, B. (2009). A framework for enterprise resilience using service oriented architecture approach. 127. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: 2009 IEEE International Systems Conference Proceedings.
Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Sauser, B., Gandhi, J. (2009). A Systemic Approach to Adopting Effective Management Styles Based on Typology of Systems. Springfield, MO: American Society of Engineering Management Conference.
Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Wakeman, T., Sauser, B. (2009). A systems approach to governance in maritime transportation system of systems. Albuquerque, NM: 2009 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2009.
Sauser, B. (2009). Applications of systems thinking for resilience study in maritime transportation system of systems. 211. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: 2009 IEEE International Systems Conference Proceedings.
Eigbe, P., Sauser, B., Felder, W. (2009). Critical Dimensions of Project/Program Management Practices that Impact Operational Test and Evaluation Outcome. Baltimore, MD: Annual ITEA International Symposium.
Sauser, B., Forbes, E., Long, M., McGrory, S. (2009). Defining an Integration Readiness Level for Defense Acquisition. Singapore: International Symposium of the International Council on Systems Engineering.
Cuellar, R., Sauser, B. (2009). Dynamic Multipoint Optimization Application to Corporate Portfolio Management. Monterey, CA: Acquisition Research Symposium.
Baldwin, W., Sauser, B. (2009). Modeling the characteristics of system of systems. Albuquerque, NM: 2009 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2009.
Tan, W., Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2009). Monte-Carlo Simulation Approach for System Readiness Level Estimation. Singapore: International Symposium of the International Council on Systems Engineering.
Gorod, A., Fridman, A., Sauser, B. (2009). Quantitative Analysis of Flexibility of System of Systems (SoS). Apatity, Russia: 3rd Russian Conference on Theory and Practice of System Dynamics.
Gandhi, J., Gorod, A., Mansouri, M., Sauser, B. (2009). Systemic Risks of Outsourcing. Springfield, MO: American Society of Engineering Management Conference.
Boardman, J., John, L., Edson, R., Sauser, B. (2009). The conceptagon: A framework for systems thinking and systems practice. 3299. San Antonio, TX: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.
Sivadasan, S., Sauser, B. (2009). Understanding plagiarism using Boardman's soft systems methodology. Austin, TX: ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings.
Magnaye, R., Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Tan, W. (2009). Using a System Maturity Index to Monitor and Evaluate the Development of Systems. Monterey, CA: Acquisition Research Symposium.
Kober, B., Sauser, B. (2008). A Case Study in Implementing a System Maturity Index. West Point, NY: American Society of Engineering Management Conference.
Erol, O., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2008). Creating Enterprise Flexibility in a Service Oriented Architecture. Hoboken, NJ: Global Conference on Flexible Systems Management.
Gandhi, J., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2008). Effects of Outsourcing on Flexibility of System of Systems (SoS). Hoboken, NJ: Global Conference on Flexible Systems Management.
John, L., Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2008). Leveraging paradox to understand technology ecosystems: A question of balance. 1330. Daejeon, Korea: IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN).
Squires, A., Larson, W., Sauser, B. (2008). Mapping space-based systems engineering curriculum to NASA-industry developed competencies for improved organizational performance. 13, 8441. Glasgow, Scotland: International Astronautical Federation - 59th International Astronautical Congress 2008, IAC 2008.
Gorod, A., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2008). Paradox: Holarchical view of system of systems engineering management. Monterey, CA: 2008 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2008.
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Magnaye, R., Tan, W. (2008). System Maturity Indices for Decision Support in the Defense Acquisition Process. Monterey, CA: Acquisition Research Symposium.
Sauser, B., Blair, D., Boardman, J. (2008). Systomics: The ultimacy of design. 24. Singapore: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.
John, L., Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2008). Technology and policy: Opposite ends of the paradox spectrum?. Monterey, CA: 2008 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2008.
Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2007). An Application of Prim's Algorithm in Defining a SoS Operational Boundary. Hoboken, NJ: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2007). Complementarity: In search of the biology of systems. San Antonio, TX: 2007 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SOSE.
Boardman, J., Sauser, B., Verma, D. (2007). In search of the biology of systems. 13. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.
Tanna, A., Sauser, B. (2007). Network Theory and the Myths of Independent Reviews. Hoboken, NJ: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Frederick, C., Sauser, B. (2007). Studies on Systems Engineering Benefits. Hoboken, NJ: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Gorod, A., Gove, R., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2007). System of systems management: A network management approach. San Antonio, TX: 2007 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SOSE.
Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2006). From Prescience to Emergence: Taking Hold of System of Systems Management. Huntsville, AL: American Society of Engineering Management Conference.
Sauser, B., Verma, D., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Gove, R. (2006). From TRL to SRL: The Concept of Systems Readiness Levels. Los Angeles, CA: Conference on Systems Engineering Research.
Gandhi, J., Sauser, B., Eschbacher, G. (2006). Identifying Heuristic Knowledge of Project Reviews from Alternative Choices. Huntsville, AL: American Society of Engineering Management Conference.
Mikruk, J., Sauser, B. (2006). System Implementation Strategies: A Case Study in Re-engineering a Project for Success. Huntsville, AL: American Society of Engineering Management Conference.
Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2006). System of Systems - The meaning of of. 2006, 118. Los Angeles, CA: Proceedings 2006 IEEE/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering.
Farr, J., Sauser, B., Jain, R., Verma, D. (2005). Engineering Management Education - Technology Integration, Manufacturing, or the Management of Engineers and Scientists?. Virginia Beach, VA: American Society of Engineering Management Conference.
Sauser, B., Shenhar, A., Hoffman, E. (2005). Identifying differences in space programs. 2005( ), 392. Portland, OR: Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology.
Sauser, B. (2005). Using self-assessment to evaluate the effectiveness of an engineering management course with cross-functional teams. 15427. Portland, OR: ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings.
Sauser, B., Quinn, J., Helminger, A. (2004). Environmental Remediation Technologies Derived from Space Industry Research. Colorado Springs, CO: International Conference on Environmental Systems.
Rodriquez, L., Sauser, B., Ting, K. (1999). Information Flow Analysis of the Lunar Mars Life Support Test Project. Denver, CO: International Conference on Environmental Systems.
Sauser, B., Giacomelli, G., Ling, P. (1998). Development of the Basis for an Automated Plant-based Environmental Control System. Boston, MA: International Conference on Environmental Systems.
Giacomelli, G., Sauser, B., Ling, P., Li, D. (1997). Automated Machine Vision Monitoring and Feedback Control of Plant Growth. Tucson, AZ: American Society of Plasticulture Congress.
Sauser, B. (1997). Investigation of the Effects of Temperature Perturbations on Tomato Plant Development. College Park, MD: Northeast Agriculture and Biological Engineering Conference (NABEC) of the American Society of Agriculture Engineers.
Journal Article
Cevikparmak, S., Sauser, B. J., Adana, S., Celik, H., Uvet, H., Nowicki, D. R. (2022). Scale Development and Validation of Transaction Cost Economics Typology for Contracts: A Systems Thinking Approach. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 28(3), .
Sauser, B., Sauser, B. J., Prybutok, V. R., Ojha, D. (2022). Theoretical and Practical Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare Information Management. Information & Management. 59(6), .
Sadeghi, J., Prybutok, V. R., Sauser, B. J. (2022). Theoretical and Practical Applications of Blockchain in Healthcare Information Management. Information & Management. 59(6), . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103649
Wei, X., Prybutok, V. R., Sauser, B. (2021). Review of supply chain management within project management. Project Leadership and Society. 2, . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2021.100013
Magnaye, R., Sauser, B., Chaudhry, S. S., Rakotobe-Joel, T. (2020). An Enhanced Analog Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for Route Planning After a Major Disaster. International Journal of Operations And Quantitative Management. 26(4), 241-253.
Magnaye, R., Chaudhry, S., Sauser, B., Varma, N. (2020). Bridging the Gap between Practice and Undergraduate Teaching of Operations Management: The Case of Public Liberal Arts Colleges. International Journal of Operations And Quantitative Management. 26(1), 49-64.
Nowicki, D. R., Sauser, B. J., Randall, W. S., Lusch, R. (2019). Service Dominant Logic and Performance Based Logistics: A Systems Thinking Perspective. Service Science. 10(1), 12-24.
Kochan, C., Nowicki, D. R., Sauser, B. J., Randall, W. S. (2018). Impact of Cloud Based Collaborative Information Sharing on Hospital Supply Chain Performance: A System Dynamics Framework. International Journal of Production Economics. 195, 168-185.
Clasi, C., Nowicki, D. R., Mansouri, M., Sauser, B. J., Randall, W. S. (2018). A Systems Thinking Approach to Managing Sustainment Phase Redesign Planning for Large-Scale, Complex, Sustainment-Dominated Systems. Engineering Management Journal. 30(1), 68-81.
Sauser, B. J., Baldwin, C., Pourreza, S., Nowicki, D. R., Randall, W. S. (2018). Resilience of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises as a Correlation to Community Impact: An Agent-based Modeling Approach. Natural Hazards. 90(1), 79-99.
John, L., John, G., Parker, M., Sauser, B. J., Wade, J. (2018). Self-Organizing Cooperative Dynamics in Government Extended Enterprises. IEEE Systems Journal. 12(3), 2905-2916.
Glassburner, A., Dickens, J., Sauser, B. J., Nowicki, D. R., Randall, W. S. (2018). Theory of Paradox within Service-Dominant Logic. Service Science. 10(2), 111-123.
Baldwin, C., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2017). Revisiting 'The Meaning of Of' for a Theory of Collaborative System of Systems. IEEE Systems Journal. 11(4), 2215-2226.
Eigbe, P., Sauser, B., Felder, W. (2015). Systemic Analysis of the Critical Dimensions of Project Management that Impact Test and Evaluation Program Outcomes. International Journal of Project Management. 33(4), 747-759.
Cloutier, R., Sauser, B., Bone, M., Taylor, A. (2015). Transitioning Systems Thinking to Model-Based Systems Engineering: Systemigrams to SysML Models. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. 45(4), 662-674.
Magnaye, R., Sauser, B., Patanakul, P., Nowicki, D., Randall, W. (2014). Earned Readiness Management for Scheduling, Monitoring and Evaluating the Development of Complex Product Systems. International Journal of Project Management. 32(7), 1246-1259.
Magnaye, R., Sauser, B. J., Patanakul, R., Nowicki, D. R., Randall, W. S. (2014). Earned Readiness Management for Scheduling, Monitoring and Evaluating the Development of Complex Product Systems. International Journal of Project Management. 32(7), 1246-1259.
Crichton-Sumners, C., Mansouri, M., Sauser, B. (2014). Systems Thinking for Knowledge Transfer in Organic and Mechanistic Organizations: State Government Transportation Research Organizations. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2399, 112-120.
Ireland, V., Gorod, A., White, B., Gandhi, J., Sauser, B. (2013). A Contribution to Developing a Complex Project Management BOK. Project Perspectives. 35, 16-25.
Baldwin, W., Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2013). Expanding a System of Systems Model via the Schelling Segregation Model. Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 30, 65-73.
Tan, W., Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Magnaye, R. (2013). Multi-Objective Optimization in Multifunction Multicapability Systems Development Planning. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. 43(4), 785-800.
Gandhi, S., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2012). A Systemic Approach to Managing Risk of SoS. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 27(5), 23-27.
Gandhi, J., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2012). Analytic Characterization of Outsourcing Risks. Strategic Outsourcing. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal. 5(1), 39-71.
Baldwin, W., Ben-Zvi, T., Sauser, B. (2012). Formation of Collaborative System of Systems through Belonging Choice Mechanisms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. 42(4), 793-801.
Smith, M., Farr, J., Sauser, B. (2012). Using process simulation to manage new product development pipeline throughput. Engineering Management Journal. 24(1), 23-34.
Tan, W., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Sauser, B. (2011). A probabilistic approach to system maturity assessment. Systems Engineering. 14(3), 279-293.
Tan, W., Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2011). Analyzing component importance in multifunction multicapability systems developmental maturity assessment. IEEE Transactions On Engineering Management. 58(2), 275-294.
Concho, L., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Hearld, T., Sauser, B. (2011). Functionally Equivalent COTS for Optimal Component Substitution within System Evolution Planning. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 23(5), 509-526.
Sauser, B., Li, Q., Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2011). Systemigram Modeling of the Small Vessel Security Strategy for Developing Enterprise Resilience. Marine Technology Society Journal. 45(3), 88-102.
Epelbaum, S., Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Fridman, A., Sauser, B. (2011). Target Evaluation and Correlation Method (TECM) as an Assessment Approach to Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research. 2(1), 36-62.
Baldwin, W., Felder, W., Sauser, B. (2011). Taxonomy of Increasingly Complex Systems. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering. 9(3), 298-316.
Lasfer, K., Pyster, A., Sauser, B. (2011). The Pre-Kindergarten Learning Enterprise (PKLE). International Journal of Management & Information Systems. 15(3), 19-30.
Sauser, B., Mansouri, M., Omer, M. (2011). Using Systemigrams in Problem Definition: A Case Study in Maritime Resilience for Homeland Security. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. 8(1), 1-19.
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Li, Q., Baldwin, W., Tortorella, M. (2011). Modeling Zeroth Responders for Resilience in Small Vessel Security. Journal of Homeland Security. 1-10.
Erol, O., Sauser, B., Mansouri, M. (2010). A Framework for Investigation into Extended Enterprise Resilience. Enterprise Information Systems. 4(2), 111-136.
Baldwin, C., Sauser, B., Boardman, J., John, L. (2010). A Typology of Systems Paradoxes. Information-Knowledge-Systems Management. 9(1), 1-15.
Eigbe, P., Sauser, B., Felder, W. (2010). Critical Dimensions of Project/Program Management Practices that Impact Operational Test and Evaluation Outcome. The ITEA Journal. 31(1), 90-98.
Sauser, B., Gove, R., Forbes, E., Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2010). Integration Maturity Metrics: Development of an Integration Readiness Level. Information-Knowledge-Systems Management. 9(1), 17-46.
Squires, A., Larson, W., Sauser, B. (2010). Mapping space-based systems engineering curriculum to government-industry vetted competencies for improved organizational performance. Systems Engineering. 13(3), 246-260.
Eigbe, P., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2010). Soft systems analysis of the unification of test and evaluation and program management: A study of a federal aviation administration's strategy. Systems Engineering. 13(3), 298-310.
Magnaye, R., Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2010). System development planning using readiness levels in a cost of development minimization model. Systems Engineering. 13(4), 311-323.
Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Wakeman, T., Sauser, B. (2010). System of systems approach to maritime transportation governance. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. (2166), 66-73.
Sauser, B., Boardman, J., Verma, D. (2010). Systomics: Towards a Biology of System of Systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. 40(4), 803-814.
Eigbe, P., Sauser, B. (2009). A Systems Approach to Achieving World-Class System Integration and Test Capability: A Federal Aviation Administration's Strategy. The ITEA Journal. 30(1), 91-98.
Meentemeyer, S., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2009). Analyzing a System of Systems Characterization to Define System of Systems Engineering Practices. International Journal of System of Systems Engineering. 1(3), 329-346.
Erol, O., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2009). Creating Enterprise Flexibility through Service Oriented Architecture. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 10(1), 11-16.
Gandhi, J., Gorod, A., Sauser, B. (2009). Effects of Outsourcing on Flexibility of System of Systems. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 10(1), 33-40.
Boardman, J., Sauser, B., Verma, D. (2009). In Search of Systems 'DNA'. Journal of Computers. 4(10), 1043-1052.
Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Wakeman, T., Sauser, B. (2009). Maritime Transportation System of Systems Management Framework: A System of Systems Engineering Approach. International Journal of Ocean Systems Management. 1(2), 200-226.
Gorod, A., DiMario, M., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2009). Satisficing System of Systems (SoS) using Dynamic and Static Doctrines. International Journal of System of Systems Engineering. 1(3), 347-366.
Ramirez-Marquez, J., Sauser, B. (2009). System development planning via system maturity optimization. IEEE Transactions On Engineering Management. 56(3), 533-548.
DiMario, M., Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2009). System of Systems Collaborative Formation. IEEE Systems Journal. 3(3), 360-368.
Sauser, B., Shenhar, A., Reilly, R. (2009). Why projects fail? How contingency theory can provide new insights - A comparative analysis of NASA's Mars Climate Orbiter loss. International Journal of Project Management. 27(7), 665-679.
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Henry, D., DiMarzio, D. (2008). A System Maturity Index for the Systems Engineering Life Cycle. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering. 3(6), 673-691.
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., Magnaye, R., Tan, W. (2008). A Systems Approach to Expanding the Technology Readiness Level within Defense Acquisition. International Journal of Defense Acquisition Management. 1, 39-58.
Gorod, A., Gandhi, J., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2008). Flexibility of System of Systems. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 9(4), 21-31.
Gandhi, J., Sauser, B. (2008). Knowledge networks: How independence and subject matter experts can influence project reviews. Engineering Management Journal. 20(1), 19-28.
John, L., Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2008). Leveraging Paradox in Systems Engineering: Discovering Wisdom. Information-Knowledge-Systems Management. 7(4), 357-376.
Gorod, A., Sauser, B., Boadman, J. (2008). System of Systems Engineering Management: A Review of Modern History and a Path Forward. IEEE Systems Journal. 2(4), 484-499.
Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2008). Taking hold of system of systems management. Engineering Management Journal. 20(4), 3-8.
Hammar, P., Sauser, B., Boardman, J. (2008). Soft Systems Methodology Applied to the Process of Systematic Screening at US Airports. Journal of Homeland Security.
Blair, C., Boardman, J., Sauser, B. (2007). Communicating strategic intent with systemigrams: Application to the network-enabled challenge. Systems Engineering. 10(4), 309-322.
Sauser, B. (2006). A Return to the Moon: A System Engineering Management Framework and the Success of Lunar Prospector. Systems Research Forum. 1, 27-33.
Sauser, B. (2006). Attributes of independent project reviews in NASA. Engineering Management Journal. 18(4), 11-18.
Sauser, B. (2006). Soil, Rock, Lander... The Systems Engineering Leadership of Mars Pathfinder. Systems Research Forum. 1, 19-26.
Sauser, B. (2006). Toward mission assurance: A framework for systems engineering management. Systems Engineering. 9(3), 213-227.
Shenhar, A. (2005). Toward a NASA-specific project management framework. Engineering Management Journal. 17(4), 8-16.
Research Report
Sauser, B. J., Ramirez-Marquez, J. E., Nowicki, D. R. (2011). Development of Systems Engineering Maturity Models and Management Tools. Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC).
Written Case with Instructional Material
Sauser, B., Shenhar, A., Dvir, D. (2007). The History of the Microwave Oven. Reinventing Project Management: The Diamond Approach to Successful Growth and Innovation. 155-158. Boston: Harvard Business Press.

Awarded Grants

Contracts, Grants and Sponsored Research

Contract
Sauser, B. J. (Principal), Niranjan, S., "Modeling and Simulation of the Empowerment of the Patient Healthcare Process," Sponsored by StratiFi Health, Private, $20000 Funded. (July 20192022).
Nowicki, D. (Principal), Sauser, B. (Co-Principal), "Logistics Intermodal Program Development," Sponsored by Intermodal Association of North America, Private, $120000 Funded. (20182021).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Advanced Logistics Management Case Competition," Sponsored by NT Logistics, Private, $13350 Funded. (20142017).
Polhen, T. (Principal), Sauser, B. (Co-Principal), "Logistics Intermodal Program Development," Sponsored by Intermodal Association of North America, Private, $120000 Funded. (20142017).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Complex Logistics Systems Laboratory," Sponsored by JDA Software, Private, $250000 Funded. (20152015).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Complex Logistics Systems Laboratory," Sponsored by FQ Logistics, Private, $5000 Funded. (20142014).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Complex Logistics Systems Laboratory Infrastructure Development," Sponsored by Williamson-Dickie Manufacturing Company, Private, $10000 Funded. (20142014).
Sauser, B. (Co-Principal), Pohlen, T. (Principal), "Complex Logistics Systems Laboratory Program Development," Sponsored by PepsiCo, Private, $25000 Funded. (20142014).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Cloutier, R. (Co-Principal), "Systems Engineering Assessment and Workforce Development Plan," Sponsored by U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM), Federal, $160000 Funded. (20112012).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Cloutier, R. (Co-Principal), Rifkin, S. (Co-Principal), Shull, F. (Co-Principal), Sullivan, K. (Co-Principal), "Systems Engineering Research in Contingency Basing," Sponsored by U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM), Federal, $415000 Funded. (20112012).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Ramirez-Marquez, J., "System Capability Satisficing in Defense Acquisition via Element Importance Measures," Sponsored by Naval Supply Systems Command - Acquisition Research Program, Federal, $128257 Funded. (20102011).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Ramirez-Marquez, J. (Co-Principal), "System Maturity and Architecture Assessment Methods, Processes, and Tools," Sponsored by U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM), Federal, $250000 Funded. (20102011).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Cloutier, R. (Co-Principal), Mostashari, A. (Co-Principal), Nilchiani, R. (Co-Principal), Verma, D. (Co-Principal), "Systems Engineering Research Development and Architecting," Sponsored by U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Federal, $850063 Funded. (20092010).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Semantic Interoperability and System of Systems," Sponsored by Lockheed Martin - Moorestown, NJ, Private, $75000 Funded. (20092009).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Cloutier, R. (Co-Principal), Mostashari, A. (Co-Principal), Nilchiani, R. (Co-Principal), Verma, D. (Co-Principal), "Systems Engineering Research Development and Architecting," Sponsored by U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Federal, $575201 Funded. (20082009).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Semantic Interoperability," Sponsored by Lockheed Martin - Moorestown, NJ, Private, $84997 Funded. (20072008).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Systems Engineering Capabilities Assessment," Sponsored by GOV-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal, $21000 Funded. (20072008).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Boardman, J. (Co-Principal), Farr, J. (Co-Principal), Jiang, W. (Co-Principal), Ramirez-Marquez, J. (Co-Principal), Verma, D. (Co-Principal), "Systems Engineering Research Development and Architecting," Sponsored by U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Federal, $824845 Funded. (20072008).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "System Maturity Assessment," Sponsored by Lockheed Martin Company - Akron, OH, Private, $12000 Funded. (20072007).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Jiang, W. (Co-Principal), Jain, R. (Co-Principal), Ramirez-Marquez, J. (Co-Principal), Verma, D. (Co-Principal), "Systems Engineering Services and Enterprise-Level Competency Development," Sponsored by U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Federal, $376000 Funded. (20062007).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Technology Maturity Assessment for Spiral Development," Sponsored by Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems – Bethpage, NY, Private, $93000 Funded. (20062007).
Grant - Research
NIRANJAN, S. (Principal), Narayanan, A. (Co-Principal), Sauser, B. (Co-Principal), Gabaldon, J. (Supporting), Garg, V. (Supporting), "Predicting Driver Distractions using Psychological and Physiological Characteristics: A Simulation Approch," Sponsored by G. Brint Ryan College of Business, University of North Texas, $10000 Funded. (June 2022May 2023).
NIRANJAN, S., Narayanan, A., Sauser, B., Vaidyanathan, V., "Predicting Driver Distractions using Psychological and Physiological Characteristics," Sponsored by Office of Research and Innovation, University of North Texas, $8000 Funded. (May 2021May 2022).
NIRANJAN, S., Narayanan, A., Sauser, B., Vaidyanathan, V., Warren, S. J., "Pilot Project: Understanding if the Forklift Operators are Following Best Practices," Sponsored by University of North Texas - Jim MacNatt Institute of Logistics & Center for Integrated Intelligent Mobility Systems (CIIMS), University of North Texas, $10000 Funded. (October 2020September 2021).
nowicki, d. (Co-Principal), Fite, J. T. (Principal), Bomba, M. S. (Co-Principal), Sauser, B. J. (Co-Principal), "Supply Chain Finance – Exploration to Understanding," Sponsored by East West Bank, Private, $10000 Funded. (20182019).
Polhen, T. (Principal), Sauser, B. (Supporting), Nowicki, D. R. (Co-Principal), Bomba, M. S. (Co-Principal), "Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Capacity Study," Sponsored by Texas Department of Transportation, State, $120000 Funded. (20152018).
Cloutier, R. (Principal), Sauser, B. (Co-Principal), "Transitioning Systems Thinking to Model-Based Systems Engineering," Sponsored by GOV-Department of Defense (DD), Federal, $20000 Funded. (20152015).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Advanced Logistics Management Case Challenge," Sponsored by Target Campus Grants, Private, $2000 Funded. (20142014).
Sauser, B., "Complex Logistics Systems Laboratory," Sponsored by Mohr Partners, $1000 Funded. (20132013).
Randall, W., Nowicki, D., Sauser, B., Kulkarni, S., "Establishing a Long-Standing, Collaborative Relationship between Greyhound and the University of North Texas," Sponsored by Greyhound Lines, Inc., $100000 Funded. (20132013).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Ramirez-Marquez, J. (Co-Principal), "Multi-Objective Optimization of System Capability Satisficing in Defense Acquisition," Sponsored by Naval Supply Systems Command - Acquisition Research Program, Federal, $120622 Funded. (20112012).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Ramirez-Marquez, J. (Co-Principal), "Resiliency Strategies for Port Systems," Sponsored by Department of Homeland Security - Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce, Federal, $17500 Funded. (20112012).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Employing Crowd Sourcing Methodology," Sponsored by U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Federal, $49900 Funded. (20112011).
Sauser, B. (Principal), Ramirez-Marquez, J. (Co-Principal), "Analysis of Alternatives in System Capability Satisficing for Effective Acquisition," Sponsored by Naval Supply Systems Command - Acquisition Research Program, Federal, $119987 Funded. (20102011).
Sauser, B., "Systems Engineering Research Development and Architecting," Sponsored by U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Federal, $392975 Funded. (20102011).
Sauser, B., "Enterprise Resiliency Modeling – Zeroth Responders in the Small Vessel Security Enterprise," Sponsored by Department of Homeland Security - Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce, $72339 Funded. (20102010).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Exploration into a Fundamental Architecture for System of Systems," Sponsored by GOV-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal, $25000 Funded. (20092010).
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., "Development of Systems Engineering Maturity Models and Management Tools," Sponsored by U.S. Navy NAVSEA PMS 420, $250000 Funded. (20092009).
Sauser, B., "Developments of a Systems Maturity Model," Sponsored by Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems – Bethpage, NY, $49963 Funded. (20092009).
Sauser, B., Nilchiani, R., "Integrated Design and Operations of Resilient Port Infrastructure Systems and Extended Enterprises," Sponsored by Department of Homeland Security - Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce, $276000 Funded. (20082008).
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., "System Maturity Indices for Decision Support in the Defense Acquisition Process," Sponsored by Naval Supply Systems Command – Acquisition Research Program, $106011 Funded. (20082008).
Sauser, B., Ramirez-Marquez, J., "Systems Earned Readiness Management for Defense Acquisition," Sponsored by Naval Supply Systems Command – Acquisition Research Program, $109684 Funded. (20082008).
Verma, D. (Principal), Sauser, B. (Co-Principal), "Systems Engineering Subject Matter Expert," Sponsored by US Army Armament, Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Federal, $599787 Funded. (20052006).
Shenhar, A. (Principal), Sauser, B. J. (Supporting), "Building a Strategic Systems Approach to NASA's Project and Program Management," Sponsored by University Space Research Association Center for Program/Project Management Research, Private, $75000 Funded. (20042004).
Sauser, B. (Principal), "Spaceflight and Life Sciences Training Program," Sponsored by GOV-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal, $51400 Funded. (20002002).
Shenhar, A. (Principal), Sauser, B. (Co-Principal), "Faster, Better, Cheaper Management: A Case Study of NASA's Strategy- Concepts, Lessons, and Future Recommendations," Sponsored by Stevens Institute of Technology, Other, $8000 Funded. (20002001).
,
Overall
Summative Rating
Challenge and
Engagement Index
Response Rate

out of 5

out of 7
%
of
students responded
  • Overall Summative Rating (median):
    This rating represents the combined responses of students to the four global summative items and is presented to provide an overall index of the class’s quality. Overall summative statements include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 5 = Excellent, 3 = Good, and 1= Very poor):
    • The course as a whole was
    • The course content was
    • The instructor’s contribution to the course was
    • The instructor’s effectiveness in teaching the subject matter was
  • Challenge and Engagement Index:
    This rating combines student responses to several SPOT items relating to how academically challenging students found the course to be and how engaged they were. Challenge and Engagement Index items include the following (response options include a Likert scale ranging from 7 = Much higher, 4 = Average, and 1 = Much lower):
    • Do you expect your grade in this course to be
    • The intellectual challenge presented was
    • The amount of effort you put into this course was
    • The amount of effort to succeed in this course was
    • Your involvement in course (doing assignments, attending classes, etc.) was
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